Current issue
- Title:
- VESTNIK 1 (41) 2025
- Number:
- 1
- Year:
- 2025
- Date publication on the site:
- 2025-04-23 09:42:10
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 11
Growth and development of young chicken crosses Lomann Braun-classic, Braun Nick, coral, super nick
UDC: 636.5.034.082.35
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Janis G. Ananikov ; Olga S. Starostina ; Natalya A. Atnabaeva ;
Introduction. Directed breeding of young laying egg crosses' hens is an important technological aspect in the system “daily chickens – replacement chickens ‒ industrial flock of hens”. The main indicators predetermining the time of sexual maturity of ‘young ones’ are the intensity of growth and development, determined, first of all, by live weight, which optimal values are developed for each analyzed cross. Biologically conditioned feeding and maintenance of poultry promotes the optimal live weight gain of chickens, resulting to a homogeneous flock of healthy and ‘fertile’ chickens. The aim of the study is to analyze the results of the growth rate in replacement young chickens with different genetic components. Materials and methods. The object of the study is the replacement young chickens of the crosses ‘Lohmann Brown-Classic’, ‘Brown Nick’, ‘Coral’ and ‘Super Nick’ (the experimental stock was 400 heads). Biological features of live weight growth (according to generally accepted methods) of young stock for the periods of 7, 14 and 21 weeks were studied. Results and Discussion. Value of live weight and average daily gain of young chickens of Lohmann Brown-Classic cross was higher than in Brown Nick cross and ‘white’ crosses (with a reliable difference) by 0.9‒16.7 % during the experimental period. Brown Nick cross chickens significantly surpassed the chickens of Coral and Super Nick crosses by 5.7‒18.4 % in age dynamics in analyzed parameters. Live weight of Coral cross hens was relatively higher by 5.8‒9.3 % in comparison with Super Nick cross hens among ‘white’ crosses. Conclusion. Taking into account to the growth rate of young stock in rearing periods is the main parameter for obtaining a homogeneous flock of poultry. Normalized and balanced feeding and maintenance of young stock determines the growth and weight measurements as well as the peak of egg production and duration of egg-laying period in hens, will be higher.
Enzymatic activity of the upper horizon of urban soils
UDC: 631.42:631.465
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Elena S. Zakamskaja ;
Introduction Intensive anthropogenic activity leads to soil degradation, which is manifested in changes in their physical, chemical and biological characteristics. One of the first signs of such degradation is a change in the activity of soil enzymes, which are key participants in the processes of nutrient cycling and formation of soil structure. The purpose is to assess the condition of urban soils by the activity of soil enzymes. Material and methods. The research was carried out in a number of districts of the city of Yoshkar-Ola. The activity of soil enzymes (urease, invertase, protease, catalase, intensity of soil respiration) was determined. The analysis was carried out using standard methods of enzymology and statistical data processing. Results. The catalase activity varied from 1.29 to 2.82 ml O2 / 1 min/g soil and was independent of the study area. According to the degree of catalase enrichment on the scale of D. G. Zvyagintsev they belong to poor, with weak activity. The activity of urease was 1.13‒1.6 h, invertase 0.12‒2.86 mg glucose / g soil / 24 h, protease 0.24‒1.23 mg glycine / 1 g soil / 24 h, which indicates very weak activity of these enzymes and, at the same time, depends on the sampling site. It was also found that the soils of Yoshkar-Ola are characterised by low intensity of carbon dioxide release. In urban urban soils the share of catalase and urease in the total enzymatic activity is higher, in the control soil samples ‒ invertase. Conclusion. The study of soils in the territory of Yoshkar-Ola showed that urban urban soils are characterised by low enzymatic activity, which indicates deterioration of soil condition under anthropogenic impact.
Research of the impact of light stimuli on the human visual analyzer using the multifunctional medical device Luchik 7 M
UDC: 651
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Boris F. Lavrentyev;
The article provides information on medical devices designed for the impact of light stimuli on the human visual analyzer for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The devices created by scientists of the Volga Region State Technological University are considered in more detail. The main objective of the article is to familiarize scientists studying the effect of light stimuli on the human visual analyzer with the modernized multifunctional medical device Luchik 7 M, which, due to the use of a typical PWM generator with a frequency in the range from 1 Hz to 150 kHz and a duty cycle from 0 to 100 % and modulation of the brightness of light stimuli, can be used not only to treat various human diseases, but also to conduct scientific research on the effect of light stimuli on the human visual analyzer in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 150 kHz and a duty cycle from 0 to 100 % and with modulation of their brightness. It is noted that such studies have not been conducted by scientists before. Detailed information on the multifunctional medical device Luchik 7 M is provided, a structural diagram of the device and its technical characteristics and operation are given. In conclusion, the article notes that the created multifunctional medical device Luchik 7 M, due to the introduction of a standard PWM generator into its composition, will significantly increase the functionality in the treatment of new diseases and at the same time will allow scientists to obtain previously unknown knowledge about the impact of light stimuli on the human visual analyzer in a wider range of frequencies and duty cycles and stimuli brightness modulation. The content of the article will allow organizing research at the branch of the Fedorov Clinic in the city of Yoshkar-Ola and in medical institutes of higher educational institutions of the Republic of Mari El.
Genetic potential of dairy productivity of the population of Russian heavy drawers in the Republic of Mari El
UDC: 636.15/636.1.034/636.082.12
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Andrey V. Onegov; Evgeny D. Chirgin;
Introduction. The effectiveness of breeding work of an agricultural enterprise is characterized not only by the presence of high-yielding mares in the dairy herd, but also by the technologies used in the industry. The most important task of the industry is to provide dairy herds with replacement young stock with high genetic potential. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the productive and economic indicators of the most highly productive mares of the Russian Heavy Draft breed and compare the obtained data with the average values for the studied population. Material and methods. On the population of Russian Heavy Draft horses of the Republic of Mari El, the productive and economic indicators were studied in 213 mares culled from the dairy herd in the period from 1998 to 2023. Results of the study, discussion. The studies showed that 17 % of the population of mares in the dairy herd had a milk yield of more than 5,000 kg of milk per lactation, which allows us to classify these mares as record holders. The average milk productivity of the record-breakers was 5,550 kg of milk with a variability of 34 %. The mass fraction of fat and protein in the record-breakers was 11 and 3 % lower than the average values for the population, respectively. The service period duration increased from 62 to 173 days with an increase in milk production. The milk production coefficient of the record-breakers was 856 kg, which exceeded the average value for the herd by 36 %. The lifetime productivity of the record-breakers was 44 % higher than the average value for the population. The record-breakers were characterized by higher growth energy, as a result of which their first fruitful insemination was carried out 175 days earlier than the average for the population. Conclusion. Due to long-term selection and the focus of breeding work, the record-breaking mares accumulated a large number of genes influencing milk production in the genotype. The presence of a large number of record-breaking sows indicates the genetic potential of the dairy herd and is extremely necessary for improving the productive and breeding qualities of the population.
Study of the therapeutic effect of the antibacterial gel “Maclozol” in the treatment of infected wound in a cat
UDC: 619/636.8.045
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Alina A. Parfenyuk ; Evgeny P. Dolgov ; Ksenia A. Zheleznyakova;
Introduction. The article presents data on the study of the therapeutic effect of the antibacterial gel “Maclozol” in the treatment of an open purulent wound in a male cat, received as a result of a fight with another cat. It was found that the use of the gel contributes to good and rapid healing of the purulent wound, which is confirmed by laboratory studies, the clinical condition of the cat and morphological changes in the wound itself on the background of treatment. The entire course of therapy was 14 days, and complete healing of the wound occurred after 18 days. Purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of “Maklozol” gel in the treatment of a purulent wound in a cat based on a comprehensive assessment of its therapeutic effect. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted in the vivarium of the Krasnodar Veterinary Research Institute. The patient was a male cat named Stepa, an uncastrated crossbreed at the age of 3 years, weighing 4.2 kg. He received the injury during a fight with another male. At the time of examination, an opened abscess of soft tissues was detected, on the right in the masseter area. As first aid, surgical debridement of the wound was performed, injections of meloxicam were administered at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg and bicillin-5, at a dose of 40,000 U/kg, intramuscularly. Subsequently, daily local treatments of the wound were carried out with a 0.05 % chlorhexidine solution and the antibacterial gel “Maclozol” 1‒2 times a day. Results, discussion. As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that the combination of surgical and drug treatment contributed to a significant acceleration of wound healing, which was confirmed by the clinical condition of the cat and laboratory tests. Conclusion. The combined antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, regenerative and other types of action of the drug “Maclozol” determine its high therapeutic effectiveness. Along with this, the combination of natural and synthetic components allows in many cases to reduce the concentration of the synthetic component of the drug, which distinguishes it favorably in terms of safety and pharmacoeconomics from most monodrugs registered for the treatment of wounds.
Determination of embryotoxicity and teratogenicity parameters of a new probiotic drug for the prevention of subclinical mastitis in cattle
UDC: 619:618.19-002:636.2
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Artur S. Porfiriev;
Introduction. Ensuring food security on the territory of the Russian Federation is an urgent issue of modern agro-industrial complex. Production of quality dairy products directly depends on compliance with the rules of cattle hygiene and machine milking technology, violation of which leads to a decrease in milk quality, which is expressed in an increase in the number of undesirable microflora and the number of somatic cells. The purpose of the study was to investigate the embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of a new probiotic preparation on white Wistar rats. Materials and methods. The effect of a new probiotic preparation based on the genus Bacillus on the embryonic and postembryonic development of the fetus at different gestation periods of white Wistar rats is considered. The new probiotic preparation is a biopreparation with antimasatitis effect, developed by FSBEIU VO Kazan GAVM together with “Forterra” Ltd. The experiments were conducted in standard conditions of the vivarium of the Department of Animal Husbandry Technology and Animal Hygiene of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N. E. Bauman”, on clinically healthy white rats, live body weight 190‒220 grams, divided into experimental and control groups according to the principle of analogs. The new probiotic preparation was investigated every day during the whole pregnancy of rats, at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. The research results. It was found that the innovative probiotic preparation based on microorganisms Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amiloliquefaciens has no embryotoxic and teratogenic effect on the organism of experimental rats and their offspring. Orally administered dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight of a new innovative agent has no toxic effect on the organism of pregnant rats of Wistar line, their embryos and young animals in embryonic and postembryonic periods of development. Conclusion. Based on the obtained data, it can be said that the new probiotic preparation meets the biosafety requirements for the use of drugs used for the prevention of subclinical mastitis in cattle.
Embryotoxic effects of a composite biological product in experiments on white rats
UDC: 619:615.9:636.5
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Ramzia М. Potekhina;
Introduction. The effectiveness of animal husbandry development mainly depends on the maximum preservation and cultivation of healthy and productive young animals. In the structure of pathologies of young animals, gastrointestinal diseases occupy one of the leading places in terms of frequency, mass manifestations cause significant death of nascent young animals, reduce productivity and thereby cause significant economic damage to farms. The article presents the results of the embryotoxic effect of the biological product “Molasses” in experiments on white rats for calves. The aim of the study was to study the embryotoxic effect of the biological product “Molasses” in experiments on white rats for cattle calves. Materials and methods. Studies of the embryotoxic effect were carried out on 18 female white rats weighing 200‒220 g. The animals participating in the experiment were divided into 3 groups, 6 rats each. Each group of rats was divided into 2 subgroups, 3 in the control group and 3 in the experimental group. In the evening, the females were placed next to the males, and in the morning of the next day, a swab from their vagina was examined. The day of detection of sperm in the smear in rats was taken into account for the main moment of ovulation of the animals. Research results. During the observation and study of the embryotoxicity of the Molasses biopreparation for the entire twenty-day period in white rats, the average embryo weight of the control group was 2.38±0.01 g. in the experimental group, 2.40±0.01 g. that did not differ significantly in weight. During the entire experimental observation period, it was found that the clinical condition of animals treated with the Molasses biopreparation did not negatively affect the reproductive function and development of embryos.
Quantitative analysis of the relationship of exterior characteristics with the electric axis of the heart in dogs
UDC: 636.74:612.172.4
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Nikita N. Roshchupkin;
Introduction. The parameters of ECG indicators in dogs are influenced by the size of their body, which is determined by the breed of these animals. Accurate studies in the available scientific literature, which would provide an analysis of quantitative data on the dependence of ECG indicators on specific measurements of the body of dogs, were not noted, such information would allow for more accurate diagnosis of heart pathology. Purpose: to analyze the relationship between the position of the electrical axis of the heart, the absolute values of body measurements and exterior indexes. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the Udmurt State Agrarian University, the kennel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Udmurt Republic, Cynological Center “Armory City”, Dog Lovers Club “Vostok” in Izhevsk (Udmurt Republic). 73 clinically healthy dogs of the German Shepherd, Rottweiler, Dalmatian, and Moscow Watchdog breeds were examined. 7 animals belonged to the kennel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the rest of the dogs belonged to private owners. Methods used: electrocardiography, taking constitutional measurements. Constitutional measurements were taken in the studied dogs, exterior indices were calculated and an ECG signal was recorded. Results, discussion. The results of the study allowed us to establish that these positions of the electrical axis of the heart do not depend on the index of massiveness, elongation, bony and high-legged, as well as on the absolute indicators of constitutional measurements. However, it was possible to identify a linear negative correlation between the thoracic index and the position of the electrical axis of the heart of German Shepherd and Rottweiler dogs. Conclusion: the revealed dependence between the electrical axis of the heart indicators and the chest index should be taken into account when interpreting ECG data from dogs of these breeds.
Assessment of technological properties and safety of milk cattle of the Republic of Mari El
UDC: 637.054:639.122:549.64
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Sergey Yu. Smolentsev; Ali Kh. Volkov; Galiya R. Yusupova; Renat A. Volkov;
Introduction. The safety of cow's milk remains a key aspect of human health and well-being worldwide. It is a product that is popular in many cultures, being a source of important nutrients such as calcium, proteins and vitamins. Ensuring maximum milk safety includes a whole range of measures, starting with the conditions of keeping cows and ending with the processes of processing and storing milk. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on the basis of farms selected taking into account the infectious well-being, climatic conditions, feeding and breed composition of livestock. Information from zootechnical accounting was used to form groups of animals, and productivity and age parameters were taken into account. Milk was sampled, titrated acidity, density, protein and fat content were analyzed, and the correlation between density and composition was evaluated. Results and discussion. The average protein content is 3.03 %, and the density reaches 27.44 °A in the milk of black-and-white cows living in the III climatic zone, which is the highest indicator for this breed. The lowest protein content is 2.85 %, and SOMO is 8.09 %, which is also found in cows of this breed bred in the IV climatic zone. The milk of Holstein-Frisian cows coagulates quickly, but has a low resistance to heat treatment. The milk of cows of the red steppe breed, adapted to the first and third climatic zones, is classified as the second class, which is the most preferred for cheese production. In Simmental cows, the indicators of enzymatic coagulation and thermal stability are lower. Milk from red steppe and black-and-white cows has similar technological properties, showing good resistance to heat and enzymatic coagulation, close to the second class. Conclusion. It was found that the milk of the Holstein-Frisian and red steppe breeds most meets the requirements for cheese production. The influence of the age of cows on the dynamics of somatic cells was also studied: cows of 2‒4 calving showed an increase in their number by 55 %, and cows of 3‒4 calving by 45 %. In cows with 5‒6 lactation, the number of somatic cells reaches a critical level of 1,000 thousand per cm3. The results of the study emphasize the importance of taking age factors into account when assessing milk quality.
Physico-chemical parameters of cow's milk when used in the Krepkovit diet
UDC: 637.054:639.122:549.64
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Sergey Yu. Smolentsev; Leysan F. Yakupova; Ellada K. Рapunidi ;
Introduction. Dairy productivity of cows is a multifaceted indicator that is influenced by genetic, physiological, veterinary and technological factors. To achieve high results in dairy production, an integrated approach to herd management is needed, including genetic breeding, feeding optimization, and the introduction of modern technologies. Sustainable development and animal health should become priorities for dairy farms seeking to increase their productivity and competitiveness. Materials and methods. The research was conducted at the GBU “Republican Veterinary Laboratory”. The experimental farm was the dairy farm of Molochny Rodnik LLC in the Sovetsky district of the Republic of Mari El. For this, 2 groups were selected, one experimental and one control group of 10 heads each. The control group was kept on a diet adopted by the household. In addition to the diet, the experimental group received the feed additive “Krepkovit” at the rate of 5 g per 1 kg of feed. The content of protein and fat in milk, age, productivity, calving time, body weight, and the number of lactation were taken into account. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, it was found that the animals of the experimental group showed a significant increase in total protein concentration by 13.12 %, due to an increase in the albumin fraction by 41.4 %. It was found that the supplement probably has a positive effect on the scar microflora, which leads to an improvement in protein metabolism. The concentration of urea in the blood serum decreased in the experimental group, which also confirms the activation of protein metabolism processes. Milk productivity in the experimental group increased by 11% compared with the control, but there was a more gradual decrease in milk yields during 6‒9 months of lactation with a difference of 25.4 %. The average daily increase in milk yields was 2.3 kg, which indicates the positive effect of the additive on the dairy productivity of animals. Conclusion. When the feed additive “Krepkovit” was introduced into the diet, an increase of 19.11 % was noted, respectively, in the volume of milk of the 1st class in terms of thermal stability and rennet-fermentation sample. The specific weight of the casein fraction increased by 10.18 %, and the number of fat balls increased by 22 %. The quality characteristics of milk have increased, with an increase in the mass fraction of lactose, protein and fat by 0.22, 0.21 and 0.11 %, respectively. Dairy productivity of cows increased by 9 %, Somatic cells decreased by 38.77 %, and MAFAnM – by 22 %. The absence of inhibitory substances in milk was noted. There was no excess of the MDR for radionuclides, antibiotics, mycotoxins, pesticides, and toxic elements.
Expertise to determine the shelf life of meat and meat products using the example of research on horse meat and kazylyk
UDC: 614.31:637.524.3
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Elena V. Tsaregorodtseva ; Gulnara N. Usmanova; Sergey Yu. Smolentsev;
Introduction. The taste and shelf life of finished meat products depend on the quality of raw meat received for processing. Purpose: Expertise for horse meat and kazylyk produced from it. Materials and methods. The quality group of chilled horse meat and the degree of acidification of kazylyk were established by pH level, after measuring the level of hydrogen ion concentration in average samples using the “Status” device. The degree of freshness of meat and kazylyk was determined by the luminescent method of analysis based on the intensity of the glow, uniformity and color of the samples on the Filin device. The moisture content in the raw materials and product and the degree of contamination with microorganisms were determined. Based on laboratory research, the direction of processing horse meat into kazylyk was determined. We sorted the raw materials, calculated the recipe, and developed a model batch of the product. Results and discussion. Horsemeat received for production belonged to the RSE quality group. Exudative meat complied with the requirements of TR CU 021/2011 for microbiological indicators. In terms of pH level, the value of which was 5.58 units, horse meat corresponded to ripened meat with a normal course of the glycolysis process. The property of horse meat to easily release its own moisture was used in kazylyk technology to speed up the drying process of sausage loaves. The finished product also met the requirements of TU 10.13.14-003-54780900-2017 “Semi-dry dry-cured Kazylyk” in terms of physical and chemical parameters. The microbiological safety and quality of the finished product have been established. Conclusion. We believe that the safety and security of horse meat can be ensured by conducting microbiological studies of the surface and deep layers of meat during incoming control of raw materials with differentiation of meat into quality groups. Physicochemical and microbiological studies of the finished product make it possible to reliably determine the quality of kazylyk, as well as guarantee high technological properties of the finished product.