VESTNIK 4 (28) 2021
- Title:
- VESTNIK 4 (28) 2021
- Number:
- 4
- Year:
- 2021
- Date publication on the site:
- 2022-02-21 15:36:55
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 13
POLYMORPHISM OF PROLACTIN (PRL) AND BETA-LACTOGLOBULIN (Β-LG) GENES IN THE LACAUNE SHEEP AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH MILK PRODUCTIVITY
UDC: 591.151:636.32/.38.034
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Daria D. Evlagina;
Introduction. Dairy sheep breeding in Russia is a new and understudied area. Prolactin and beta-lactoglobulin genes are known to be the genes controlling milk production in many mammalian species, including sheep. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of DNA marker genotypes of prolactin and beta-lactoglobulin genes on the sheep milk productivity. Materials and methods. The study focused on the formed groups of the Lacaune sheep (n=248) bred at Nikolaev farm enterprise, Krymsky district, Krasnodar Krai. The gene polymorphism was determined through PCR-RFLP analysis. The amount of milk for 180 days of lactation was measured individu-ally by carrying out control milking every 14 days. Qualitative parameters of milk – the content of fat and pro-tein – were determined using Laktoscan M analyzer according to the study protocol.
Results, discussion. This study reveals that the polymorphism of the PRL and β-LG genes is represented by the following alleles: PRLА, PRLB; β-LGА, β-LGВ and PRLAA, PRLAB, PRLBB, β-LGAA, β-LGAB, β-LGBB genotypes, respec-tively. The PRLA allele was found to have a high frequency of 0.81 and the PRLB allele has a low frequency of 0.19. The β-LGB allele frequency amounted to 0.66, while the β-LGA frequency was 0.34. The animals with ho-mozygous genotypes PRLАА and β-LGАА had better milk yield per lactation. The ewes with homozygous geno-types PRLВВ and β-LGВB had more fat and protein in their milk than their counterparts. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the expediency of using as an additional criterion the selection of Lacaune sheep with the PRLBB, β-LGBB genotype for milk production with the aim of its further processing into cheeses.
PHYTOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF SOILS IN YOSHKAR-OLA
UDC: 631.423.3
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Elena S. Zakamskaya; Elena A. Skochilova;
Introduction. Various factors of the urban environment can have a significant impact on soil characteristics in urbanized territories and surrounding areas. For a complex assessment of soil pollution influence on living sys-tems, biotesting is used using plant organisms as test objects. Application of indicator-plants is preferable due to the specific reaction to various pollutants. The purpose of the article is the assessment of lawns’ soils phyto-toxicity in different functional zones of Yoshkar-Ola. Materials and methods. The study object were the soils near the roadway and walking paths in the residential, industrial and recreational zones of Yoshkar-Ola. Phyto-toxicity assessment was based on a comparison of germination and germination energy of Sinapis alba L. and Avena sativa L. seeds. Results and discussion. Soils of the recreational zone were characterized by the germina-tion energy of Sinapis alba L. seeds equal to 88.1±1.35 %, germination – 90.3±1.74 %. For substrates from the residential zone, the average germination energy was 88.6±1.01 %, germination rate was 94.8±0.74 %. The ger-mination energy and germination of Sinapis alba L. seeds germinated on industrial zone soils amounted to 85.6±7.49 % and 93.2±8.15 %. The germination energy and germination of Avena
sativa L. seeds germinated on industrial zone soils are lower than on recreational and residential zone soils. In the recreational zone, the germination energy and germination were 77±1.24 % and 82±0.96 %, respectively, in the industrial zone the germination energy was 68.0±0.72 %, germination – 79.0±0.41 %. In the residential zone, the germination energy of Avena sativa L. seeds varied from 68 to 87 %. Conclusion. The germination en-ergy and germination of Sinapis alba L. seeds in all cases were within the limits of normative indicators. The functional zone affects the germination of Sinapis alba L. seeds and does not affect the germination energy. The germination energy and germination of Avena sativa L. seeds germinated on the soils of the industrial zone is lower than on the soils of the recreational and residential zones.
INFLUENCE OF THE SEASON OF THE YEAR AND THE LACTATION PERIOD ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE CONTENT OF SOMATIC CELLS IN THE MILK OF HOLSTEINCOWS
UDC: 636.2.034
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: FaritF. Zinnatov;
Milk and fermented milk products belong to the group of everyday products and are a life companion from birth to old age. The main criterion for the quality of milk is to eliminate the causes that have a detrimental effect on health, as well as on human safety. A factor in the safety of cow’s milk is its saturation with somatic cells. In healthy dairy cows, the number of somatic cells in milk is up to 300 thousand cells/ml. If the livestock has been infected, the number of cells changes accordingly and the number of pathogenic bacteria in milk raw materials increases. Scientists have proved that in the presence of somatic cells in the milk of cows more than 900 thousand cells/ml with milk yield of 4 thousand kg, there is a loss of milk equal to 600 kg. And with a productivity of 6 thousand kg - the resulting economic damage to dairy farming will be equal to 900 kg. Accordingly, the goal was set to determine the qualitative and quantitative content of somatic cells in milk among the Holstein dairy cows. To achieve this goal, a group of 77 animals was selected. And it was found that the maximum rate of somatic cells in milk samples was observed especially in the spring-winter period. In the current 2021, as a result of the experiments, it was shown that high-yielding first-calf heifers have a high presence of somatic cell units in the winter and spring seasons (641 thousand/cm3 and 681.96 thousand/cm3). Due to the increase in the number of somatic cells in milk, a deterioration in the parameters of raw materials is observed, which in turn leads to a decrease in the quality of dairy products and grade. The economic damage caused by animal diseases, culling and reduction in the amount of milk, incur a loss in the economy and in the food ranks of the state.
DETECTION OF LTF GENE POLYMORPHISM IN COWS BY PCR-RFLP ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MILK PRODUCTIVITY INDICATORS
UDC: 636.2.034
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Farit F. Zinnatov; Talgat R. Yakupov; Farida F. Zinnatova; Takhir M. Akhmetov;
A big challenge for the prosperity of dairy farming is the use of high-yielding cows whose milk meets the optimal quality requirements. The quality of milk and dairy products is determined not only by its nutritional value, but also by its safety for human health. Milk safety is determined by the level of bacterial contamination and the composition of somatic cells, which may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process in the mammary glands of cows – mastitis. Therefore, the question arises, is it possible to solve this problem due to the natural resistance of cows to mastitis? Today it is known that the gene encoding the production of lactoferrin can be a participant in such a mechanism. It is able to inhibit the growth and development of microbes in biological fluids. The goal of DNA was to test cows for the LTF gene by the PCR_RDLF method and to study the association of polymorphic variants of the gene with the performance indicators of the studied livestock. We have carried out DNA research of 311 cows. It was shown that the highest milk yield was possessed by animals with the heterozygous LTFAB genotype of Ivanhoe's lines – 7172 kg of milk. As a result of a comparative analysis with the use of modern methods of DNA diagnostics, it was proved that the Holstein heifers mainly differed from the rest in terms of milk productivity, and in terms of the content of somatic cells in fresh milk in cows with the LTFAB genotype of the Ivanhoe and Sovering lines. Animals with the LTFAB genotype of the Aidial line are of great interest in terms of selection work to increase the productivity and profitability of dairy cattle breeding.
VETERINARY AND SANITARY ASSESSMENT OF RABBIT MEAT WHEN USING THE DRUG “PRODEVIT” IN THEIR DIET
UDC: 637.5.04
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Ellada K. Рapunidi; Leysan F. Yakupova; Sergey Yu. Smolentsev;
The productive indicators of rabbits and the quality of their meat are more dependent on a full-fledged, balanced in energy, nutrients and minerals feeding. However, at present, the breeding and maintenance of these animals is best studied in rabbit breeding, and feeding issues have been studied relatively little, the use of various feed additives in feeding rabbits has been studied even less. Currently, the use of natural minerals has become relevant in the feeding of farm animals. They have unique adsorption, ion exchange and catalytic properties, due to which they are able to regulate the digestive processes of animals. Numerous studies have proved the important role of natural sorbents in increasing the productive yield of feed, in particular, natural zeolites. Natural zeolites are a relatively new type of mineral raw materials, which contribute to an increase in the body’s resistance, as well as an increase in body weight gain. Researchers also note the preventive properties of gastrointestinal disorders of these minerals. The scientific and production experience was conducted in the conditions of an educational and experimental farm. 30 rabbits of the Soviet Chinchilla breed were selected, which were divided into 3 groups of 10 animals each – one control and 2 experimental groups. The first group served as a control and was kept on a regular diet. The second group received the drug “Prodevit” with the main diet from the age of 45 days at a dose of 20 mg per head for 14 days. The third group received this drug from the age of 75 days at a dose of 20 mg per head for 14 days. The basis for the assessment of rabbit meat in veterinary and sanitary terms when using the drug “Prodevit” in the diet was the results of studies and experiments. The effectiveness of the use of this antioxidant in rabbit breeding was evaluated. A reasonable scheme for the use of this drug during the period of reducing the resistance of the animal organism and the influence of environmental stressorsis proposed. The optimal scheme for the use of this drug is its oral administration at a dose of 20 mg per animal from 45 days of age for 14 days. With this scheme of drug admin-istration, an increase in weight gain by 8% was noted.
VETERINARY AND SANITARY ASSESSMENT OF BROILER CHICKEN MEAT IN MYCOTOXICOSIS ON THE BACKGROUND OF APPLICATION OF THE COMPLEX PREVENTIVE AGENT “ZEAPITOX”
UDC: 637.07:636.5.033:615.32
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Kseniya V. Perfilova; Nailya N. Mishina; Eduard I. Semenov; Olga K. Ermolaeva;
In conditions of high production intensity at poultry farms, poultry can be exposed to a variety of pathogenic environmental factors, one of which is the contamination of feed with mold fungi of the genus Fusarium, Aspergillus and others. The consequence of this problem is the infestation of individuals by their secondary metabolites - mycotoxins. T-2 toxin, produced by fungi of the species Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. paoe, is one of the main frequently occurring and harmful mycotoxins, dangerous for poultry. In this regard, one of the priority areas of modern veterinary science and practice is the development and use of a complex agent for the prevention of mycotoxicosis to improve the quality of poultry meat products. Based on the results of previous studies, the prospect of using a complex prophylactic adaptogenic agent “Zeapitox” based on zeolite and dead bees in mycotoxicosis has been established. The purpose of this work is to conduct a veterinary and sanitary assessment of broiler chicken meat on the background of the use of this agent in mycotoxicosis. The work was carried out on the basis of the Laboratory of Mycotoxins of the Department of Toxicology of the FSBSI “Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety” (Kazan). Veterinary and sanitary assessment of slaughter products of broiler chickens was carried out according to generally accepted methods. In the course of the research, it was found that the introduction of a complex preventive adaptogenic agent “Zeapitox” in case of mycotoxicosis in the diet of broiler chickens contributes to the preservation of meat quality. The investigated parameters of broiler meat when using the complex preventive adaptogenic agent “Zeapitox” against the background of T-2 toxicosis met the requirements of GOST 7269-2015 and GOST 23392-2016.
ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF QUAIL MEAT WHEN USING WHOLE-GRAIN AMARANTH FLOUR IN THE DIET
UDC: 637.5.04
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Irina I. Strelnikova; Sergey Yu. Smolentsev; Elena V. Tsaregorodtseva;
Currently, poultry farming is one of the most developing branches of animal husbandry. The development of this industry is inextricably linked with the introduction of new technologies, as well as the use of biologically active feed additives that stimulate the viability, growth rate and productivity of poultry. The main preference is given to the use of additives of natural origin. Most often, plant components are introduced into the poultry diet, which can enrich the feed not only with vitamins and micronutrients, but also with vegetable protein and essential amino acids. With the introduction of amaranth-based additives into the main diet, an increase in live weight gain and normalization of poultry meat quality indicators are noted. Our task was to study the effect of amaranth flour on the veterinary and sanitary assessment of the quality of Texas quails slaughter products. For this purpose, 4 groups of quails aged 1 day with 50 heads in each group were formed on the basis of the farm of Z. I. Alimchuyeva of the Republic of Mari El. The first group served as a control and was kept on the usual diet adopted by the household. The quails of the 1st experimental group received 5 % amaranth flour, the 2nd experimental group received 10 % amaranth flour and the 3rd experimental group received 15 %, respectively. On the 50th day, all the birds of the experimental and control groups were slaughtered.5 carcasses were taken from each group for organoleptic and physico-chemical evaluation of slaughter products. Poultry meat, in the diet of which amaranth was added, according to organoleptic, physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters, met the requirements of GOST standards for fresh, good-quality meat.
ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF PHYTOBIOTICS TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FARM ANIMALS
UDC: 637.5.04
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Liliya M. Sufyanova; Sergey Yu. Smolentsev; Tatyana V. Kabanova;
The full realization of the genetic potential of the productivity of farm animals in the conditions of industrial technologies is impossible without the introduction of various biologically active additives into the diets, providing increased productivity and normalization of homeostasis indicators. In this regard, a trend towards complete or partial rejection of such drugs has emerged in the world and is being consistently implemented in many countries. In recent years, many scientists and practitioners working in the field of animal feeding have paid attention to phytobiotics – biologically active substances formed in plants. Empirical knowledge that in the absence of free-range, animals, including carnivores, should receive green or at least dried plants with food, hu-manity acquired simultaneously with the beginning of domestication of wild faunarepresentatives. Purposeful study of biologically active components of plants as components of feed rations, their effect on the body, as well as work on obtaining standardized phytobiotic preparations for animal husbandry, including complex ones, has been carried out only in the last two to three decades. When assessing the effect on the exterior and interior indicators of animals, fresh and dried plants, their mixtures, coniferous and herbal flour of various compositions, biologically active substances isolated from plants, in particular essential oils, phytobiotic complexes, mainly with trace elements and probiotics, are used. The main reasons why phytogenic feed additives are used in animal husbandry are improvement of feed digestibility, antimicrobial efficacy, use in accordance with the strategy for replacing feed antibiotics, growth stimulation. Their anti-inflammatory effect, high feed conversion rate and higher animal feed intake were also noted. It has been established that plant immunomodulating feed additives improve the functions of the immune system, have a significant impact on the health of animals and poultry and improve production performance. The factors determining the relevance of the development of highly effective phytobiotics and their use in animal husbandry and poultry farming should also include the high profitability of the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products and the task of improving the quality of life of the population.
TASTING EVALUATION OF QUAIL MEAT AND EGGS
UDC: 637.5.04
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Leysan F. Yakupova; Ellada K. Рapunidi; Sergey Yu Smolentsev;
The article is devoted to the study of the effect of microwave-treated grain in order to reduce the mycotoxicological load of feed, in combination with zeolite and separately on the organoleptic characteristics of quail meat and eggs. The studies were carried out on quails of 30 days of age for 50 days. Birds of the first group, in addition to the main diet, received barley bran in an amount of 20 % of the daily feed rate. Birds of the second group, in addition to the main diet, received 20 % of barley bran, subjected to microwave processing. Birds of the third group, in addition to the main diet, received 20% of barley bran, subjected to microwave treatment and 3 % of zeolite. Birds’ health status and safety were assessed daily. At the end of the experiment, a control slaughter of birds was carried out, followed by a veterinary and sanitary examination, excluding the presence of pathological changes in organs and tissues, and a tasting evaluation of quail white and red meat, broth, and eggs was carried out. At the end of the experiment, a control slaughter of birds was carried out, followed by a veterinary and sanitary examination, excluding the presence of pathological changes in organs and tissues, and a tasting evaluation of quail white and red meat, broth, and food eggs was carried out. Meat and broth were assessed on a 9-point scale, and food eggs on a 5-point scale. The results of the study showed that microwave treatment of grain used as a component of quail feed does not adversely affect the organoleptic properties of meat and broth, either when used alone or in combination with zeolite. Also, their negative effect on the organoleptic characteristics of quail eggs is excluded. In addition, it was noted that the zeolite used as an adsorbent of toxic substances improves the organoleptic characteristics of meat, such as appearance, smell, juiciness and consistency, and in food eggs – the taste and aroma of the yolk and the color of egg white.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION OF THE MARI EL REPUBLIC
UDC: 339.56
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Tatyana A. Ignasheva;
The article is devoted to the analysis of the dependence of import substitution structure of the Mari El Republic on the production and economic factors characterizing it. Imports of the Mari El Republic
include a variety of goods, some of which are decisive in the total amount of supplies and are of the greatest in-terest in choosing mechanisms for regulating the foreign trade activities of the region. The study of import activi-ties is relevant within the framework of thepolicyof import substitution and support for domestic producers im-plemented in the Russian Federation since 2014, both at the federal level and in the context of regional produc-tion sectors. Purpose: performing a component analysis of the import substitution structure of the Mari El Republic with the selection of integral indicators defining it. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the materials of the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Mari El Republic using fac-tor analysis. Based on the principal components method, consolidated indicators of the import activities imple-mentation in the region are identified. Results, discussion. The study of imports of the Mari El Republic made it possible to distinguish two aggregate factors on the basis of 12 main indicators of the economic sphere - the fac-tor of investment and construction, light, mining and electrical equipment industry and the factor of wood and textile industry. The formed integral values determine the leading sectors of the region’s industrial activity, in-cluding the directions of foreign trade activities implementation. The products of these industries have the largest share in the GRP of the republic and, accordingly, are subject to the policy of import substitution. Conclusion. The analysis identified priority sectors of the region's economic development, which should be targeted first of all by measures to protect the territorial market and support domestic producers. The results of the study can have practical application in the work of analytical departments and services in the development of strategic plans for the implementation of import activities and the protection of the domestic regional market.
ENTERPRISE ACCOUNTING POLICY: COMPONENTANALYTICS
UDC: 657
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Daria M. Rozhentsova; Maria V. Stafievskaya;
Introduction.One of the tools for conducting effective activities of an economic entity is an accounting policy. However, some enterprises are formally involved in the development of accounting policies, not realizing the consequences of applying one or another of its components. Accounting policy is an integral tool for improving the financial condition, an important indicator of pricing policy, tax planning of the organization. The state of its financial indicators depends on the correct choice, creation and disclosure of the company’s policy, which emphasizes the relevance of its study.Purpose. Study of the characteristics of the problem associated with the development of a methodology for the formation of an effective accounting policy of an enterprise.Research methods. Logical analysis, monographic, method of induction and deduction.Research results, discussion. The object of the research was the activities of the operating enterprise of the Republic of Mari El, specializing in construction and installation works. The subject was the study of the methodology for the formation of an effective accounting policy. The article discusses the structure of the accounting policy. The mechanism of its compilation for the purpose of accounting and tax accounting is described. The components of the accounting policy of the operating enterprise, their impact on the final financial result are analyzed. An algorithm has been developed for selecting an accounting policy element that corresponds to the peculiarities of the functioning of an economic entity. Accounting tools have been improved for a more complete reflection of information on the creation of reserves in tax accounting. Directions for appliying more effective elements of accounting policy to improve the financial result of the enterprise are proposed, the economic effect of the proposed measures is calculated. Appropriate conclusions about the study were made. Conclusion. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the considered theoretical, methodological and practical aspects can be used when developing or changing the accounting policy of any economic entity. The use of the proposed methodology can significantly reduce the complexity of the process of developing accounting policies.
MODELING OF COAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BY SUBREGIONS OF THE WORLD
UDC: 338.04
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Tatyana V. Sarycheva; Maria G. Sergeeva ;
The coal business is the most important economic sphere for many regions of the world. International coal trade is one of the most important components of the global coal market and influences its development. The relevance of studying the prospects for the development of the coal market is due to the uneven distribution of mineral resources around the world and serious differences in the levels of economic development of world regions. In this regard, the analysis and forecasting of demand and supply of coal in the world energy market in the context of subregions is relevant. The use of multivariate statistical methods makes it possible to determine key indicators, as well as to assess the degree of their impact on coal imports and exports. Purpose:to identify groups of regions with different levels of production, supply and use of coal in the domestic market and determine the factors that determine the direction of the dynamics of exports and imports in the subregions of the world. Materials and methods. The published statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service and the United Nations Statistical Division served as the information base for carrying out the stated research. Multivariate methods of cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and regression analysis based on panel data were used as research tools. Results of the research, discussion. The article proposes a methodology for analyzing and forecasting changes in the volumes of imports and exports of coal in the world regions, based on the use of cluster analysis methods for the main components and regression models on panel data with fixed effects. This approach allows us to identify the factors that determine the increase or decrease in exports and imports in the context of world subregions. Conclusion. Modeling the influence of the main indicators of the coal industry on coal imports by subregions of the world showed that an increase in imports of coal raw mate-rials contributes to the growth of energy supply and the production of electricity based on coal. Attention is drawn to the fact that imports of coal are inversely dependent on the processing of coal fuel and the own use of coal in the energy sector. The increase in the number of coal export deliveries from the subregions is primarily facilitated by the increase in primary production and reserves of raw coal, and the expansion of coal-based electricity production.
REVENUE MODELING IN REGIONAL RETAIL OUTLETS UNDER UNCERTAINTY
UDC: 330.4
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Elena A Tanygina;
Introduction.The development of market relations and the restructuring of the country’s economy have led to fundamental changes in the trade sector. One of the most significant reflections of these changes is the intensively developing system of retail trade and the development of market conditions in the retail industry, which predetermines the importance of improving the methodological support for making managerial decisions in the economy as a whole, and in particular in the field of management and the use of methods of economic and mathematical modeling to assess economic processes under conditions of uncertainty.Purpose.The purpose of the study is to model revenue in regional retail outlets, study and systematize existing economic and mathematical methods used to analyze and forecast the activities of retail outlets. Materials and methods.The methodological and theoretical basis consists of the works of scientists on the methods of economic and mathematical modeling, on the problems of market economy and management in the field of retail trade, the works of leading specialists in the field of project management, modeling and forecasting, as well as methodological recommendations on economic and mathematical modeling. Results, discussion.The object of the research is the activity of retail trade enterprises in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Mari El. The subject of the research is economic and mathematical model of retail traid in the Republic of Mari El. In the course of the study, the features of the functioning of the retail market in the Russian Federation were analyzed and methods of state support were studied. A study of the regional retail market was carried out,a number of possible measures to activate and further develop trade activities in the region were proposed. Conclusion. Of considerable interest is the conduct of economic and mathematical modeling of the incomes of retail trade enterprises in the Republic of Mari El in conditions of uncertainty, within the framework of which an economic and mathematical model of retail trade in the Republic of Mari El was proposed.