VESTNIK 3 (39) 2024
- Title:
- VESTNIK 3 (39) 2024
- Number:
- 3
- Year:
- 2024
- Date publication on the site:
- 2024-11-07 08:53:14
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 12
Studying the therapeutic effectiveness of an immunoliposomal drug on fatally irradiated rabbits
UDC: 619:615.849:616-001.28
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Ruslan R. Gainullin; Edie M. Plotnikova; Mulanur M. Shakurov; Ramzi N. Nizamov;
Introduction. The advantage of liposomes as drug carriers is obvious: liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are completely degradable and biocompatible: they are suitable for inclusion of many pharmacological agents, including enzymes, hormones, vitamins, biologically active substances, antigens and antibodies, including globulins. Liposomes obtained by the phase inversion method protect antiradiation immunoglobulins from destruction to the greatest extent. We have developed a technology for obtaining liposomal immunoglobulin based on phospholipids of animal origin and studied its therapeutic efficacy in laboratory animals. Purpose: testing the therapeutic potential of the liposomal form of antiradiation immunoglobulin on laboratory animals. Materials and methods. For the studies, we used laboratory animals ‒ adult Chinchilla rabbits of both sexes, weighing 2.0‒2.5 kg. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 10 animals each. Modeling of acute radiation sickness of severe degree was carried out by external irradiation on the gamma-installation “Puma” with the source of ionizing radiation Cs137 in a lethal dose of 11 Gy (LD100/30). Animals of the 1st group were administered the test drug once, subcutaneously in a volume of 1 cm3 24 hours after irradiation. Irradiated animals of the 2nd group were not administered the drug, they served as a control of irradiation; animals of the 3rd group served as a biological control (not irradiated, the drug was not administered). For 30 days, all animals were clinically observed. The degree of evaluation of the effectiveness of the drug action was served by cytological, biochemical, hematological indices. An assessment was also made by the survival rates and average life expectancy of animals. Results of the study, discussion. The test drug had a radioprotective effect on lethally irradiated rabbits, providing 80 % survival with its therapeutic use. A single subcutaneous administration of the test drug 24 hours after radiation exposure had a hemo- and myeloprotective effect, preventing the death of myelokaryocytes, erythroid, granulocytic and lymphoid cells in the bone marrow. Conclusion. The data from biological experiments indicate the effectiveness of the therapeutic use of the immunoliposomal drug during gamma irradiation of animals.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the feed supplement “Hepatoprotect” in acute toxic hepatitis of rabbits
UDC: 619:616.36-002:619:615.4
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Vladislav O. Dombrovsky ; Lilia E. Matrosova; Danil R. Sagdeev ; Zukhra Kh. Sagdeeva ;
Introduction. The liver is an important organ for animals and humans, most often playing a key role in the conversion and excretion of xenobiotics. Some medicinal substances entering the body at or exceeding the therapeutic dose, as well as natural and man-made ecotoxicants, lead to various liver pathologies. The development of drugs that improve metabolic processes in the liver and increase its resistance to pathogenic effects is an urgent direction. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of the new complex supplement “Hepatoprotect” in acute toxic hepatitis in rabbits. Materials and methods. 24 rabbits (n=6) were used in the experiments. Rabbits of the first group served as biological control. Acute hepatitis was caused by intraperitoneal administration of 50 % carbon tetrachloride solution (solvent olive oil) in a volume of 1 ml/kg to animals of the second, third and fourth groups. The animals of the third group were intragastrically given the commercial drug “Karsil” (100 mg/kg of body weight), the fourth with the feed feed additive “Hepatoprotect” (25 g/kg of feed). The drugs were given once for 14 days. The results of the research. The research results indicate the hepatoprotective effect of the developed feed additive “Hepatoprotect”. The protective effect of the studied agent was manifested in a decrease in hepatotoxicity caused by the introduction of carbon tetrachloride.
Analysis of domestic technologies for processing biological waste of poultry for obtaining feed additives
UDC: 636.087.2
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Danis T. Minikaev; Firaya K. Akhmetzyanova; Aliya R. Kashaeva; Tagir M. Zakirov;
Introduction. In recent years, environmental problems related to the accumulation of bio-waste from poultry farming have become acute. Large amounts of bird droppings accumulating near poultry farms are dangerous environmental pollutants and can threaten human and animal health. The patent search showed that Russia is actively searching for technical solutions aimed at the effective processing of biological waste of poultry. This is evidenced by many patents describing disinfection technologies, ranging from biochemical processes of decomposition of organic substances to technologies for processing and preserving the products obtained. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to analyze modern methods and technologies for disinfection and processing of biological waste from poultry to create feed additives, reflected in domestic patents over the past 20 years. Materials and methods. A patent search for technologies and methods of processing and disinfection of biological waste of animals and poultry was carried out. Information was obtained from public sources (scientific publications, specialized web resources, including the FIPS database) containing patent data registered in Russia from 1992 to the present. In the course of the study, the method of comparative analysis was used. The obtained material was systematized taking into account the applied disinfection methods (physical, biological, physico-chemical, combined and others) with graduation by year. The results of the research. During the analysis, it was found that the existing technologies for processing bird droppings, depending on the method of exposure to the substrate, are divided into physical, biological, chemical, combined, etc. methods of disinfection. However, many of them are not widely used today, as they do not meet a rational and environmentally friendly approach to environmental conservation, and are costly. At the present stage, an environmentally friendly and economically profitable technology for processing bird droppings is needed, which will turn organic waste into valuable environmentally safe raw materials for obtaining feed, fertilizers, substrates for the chemical and microbiological industries. In this regard, microwave processing is promising, since with a relatively short exposure and minimal energy consumption, the required GOST indicators of quality and safety of raw materials suitable for use in the feed industry are achieved.
Evaluation of acute toxicity of the drug “NKP” for the prevention and treatment of calf diarrhea
UDC: 619:615.9:636.5
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Ramzia М. Potekhina;
Introduction. The article presents the results of the study of acute toxicity of the new composite preparation “NKP” for young calves based on mycelial-bacterial microorganisms. “NKP” contains inoculums of fermented grain with Fusarium sambucinum (108 CFU/ml, 30.0‒30.4 %) and Trichoderma reesei (108 CFU/ml, 12.0‒12.4 %); Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. (108 CFU/ml, 6.0‒6.2 %); beet molasses (28.0‒29.0 %); sodium chloride (4.0‒4.6 %); zeolite powder – the rest. The aim of the study was to investigate the acute toxicity of the drug “NKP” (based on the mycelial fungi Fusarium sambucinum var sambucinum, Trichoderma reesei and bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei subsp.) for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in young calves. Materials and methods. The acute toxicity of “NKP” was studied on 30 rats weighing 160‒180 g. The developed drug was administered to laboratory animals intragastrically once in four doses (800, 2000, 5000 and 6000 mg / kg). Observation of the experimental animals was carried out for 14 days. The control group was administered an equivalent amount of sterile distilled water. The study showed that “NKP” does not cause signs of toxicosis after a single use and can be classified as hazard class 4 ‒ low-hazard substances according to GOST 12.1.007-76. When assessing the toxic effects of the developed drug, the general condition of the laboratory animals, water and feed consumption were assessed. Hematological analysis was performed on the Mythic 18 Vet analyzer (“OrpheeGeneva”+, Switzerland) with the determination of leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, hematocrit, platelets, hemoglobin and average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes. Research results. The acute toxicity studies of “NKP” for the entire observation period of fourteen days in laboratory animals and the control groups were similar and corresponded to age and gender characteristics. The maximum introduction of the new composite agent “NKP” was 6000 mg / kg. Due to low toxicity, the median lethal dose of the study drug has not been established.
The main directions of improving the quality of milk (review)
UDC: 619:616-07:616.4
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Sergey Yu. Smolentsev; Ivan S. Ivanov ; Ekaterina V. Hardina;
Introduction. Against the background of the growing demand for natural and environmentally friendly products, manufacturers are forced to adapt their technologies and processes. The quality of milk is determined by many factors: the conditions of keeping animals, their diet, health status, as well as compliance with sanitary standards during milk collection and processing. All these aspects directly affect the final product, which ends up on store shelves and in consumers' refrigerators. Materials and methods. As a methodological basis for this work, the works published by both Russian and foreign specialized specialists are considered. Among the scientific methods that we relied on in the framework of our work, general scientific ones are distinguished, in particular, synthesis, analysis, comparison, as well as generalization. If we talk about special scientific methods used in the framework of the work, then this is primarily statistical, economic, abstract-logical. Results and discussion. The safety requirements for dairy products include strict control and certification at every stage of production, from the farm to the packaging of the final product. Modern technologies allow for detailed analyses, revealing even the slightest deviations from established norms. The introduction of innovations helps to increase work efficiency, reduce costs and, most importantly, improve product quality, which meets the expectations of modern consumers. In addition, one of the key aspects affecting the quality and safety of dairy products is compliance with environmental standards. Awareness of the need to protect the environment is growing every year, which leads to changes in production processes. Manufacturers strive to minimize the negative impact on nature, introduce waste-free technologies and develop waste recycling programs. Conclusion. Compliance with the production technology, requirements for the primary processing and transportation of milk allows you to obtain high-quality raw materials. Providing conditions for increasing the production of high-quality raw milk and saturating the country's consumer market with competitive dairy products of its own production contributes to solving food security and improving the nutrition of the Russian population.
Examination of soft cheeses made from goat's and cow's milk
UDC: 637.33
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Liliya M. Liliya M. ; Tatiana V. Kabanova; Anastasia I. Korotkova;
Introduction. Currently, there is an increase in the number of dairy goats in our country. Goat's milk is used to produce dairy products using traditional technologies, and it is also often used in the production of various types of cheeses, and these cheeses belong to the elite category, and have a higher price compared to cheeses made from cow's milk. For farmers and small private farms, it is easiest to master the technology of soft cheeses. Based on this, it is of interest to compare two samples of cheeses from different types of milk and assess their quality.
The purpose of the study. To conduct a comparative analysis of the organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters of samples of soft cheese “Hottabych” produced from cow's and goat's milk. Materials and methods. During the experiment, standard methods were used to determine the quality of raw milk and its cheese-usable properties. After receiving the finished cheese samples, the physico-chemical and structural-mechanical properties of the finished samples were studied. The taste qualities of the manufactured variants were also determined. To obtain more in-depth information on the subject of the study, the parameters of the subcutaneous serum were also studied. The studies were carried out in three repetitions. Results of the study, discussions. During the analysis of the data of the conducted study, it was revealed that a sample of cheese made from goat's milk had a better moisture-retaining ability of the clot, due to this, the yield of finished products increased by 8 %. Also, a smaller amount of dry matter by 0.6 % was transferred to the subsurface serum. Goat's milk cheese had a more delicate consistency, which confirms the value of the maximum shear stress index, which was 7 kPa less in the goat's milk sample. Conclusion. Cheese samples produced from goat's milk were distinguished by a more delicate and plastic consistency, during their production there is a more complete transition of substances from raw milk into the finished product, thereby increasing the yield of finished products.
Study of acute toxicity of the drug “SV” on laboratory animals
UDC: 619:615.9:636.5
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Evgeniya Yu. Tarasova; Ramzia М. Potekhina; Polina V. Bykova ;
Introduction. Limb diseases are a serious obstacle to maintaining the well-being of agricultural enterprises. Excessive humidity of concrete floors in barns causes maceration of the skin, softening and deformation of the claw horn, while the mechanical protection of the distal part of the limbs is reduced, which contributes to infection of tissues by opportunistic microorganisms and the development of purulent-necrotic inflammation. In this regard, a medicinal product (dry hoof baths) has been developed under the code “SV” for the treatment and group prevention of diseases of the distal extremities of cattle of various etiologies. Materials and methods. Male and female white rats were used as laboratory animals to study the acute toxicity of the drug “SV”, of which 3 groups of 12 individuals each were formed, the animals of 4 groups were biological controls and received intragastric distilled water. The drug was administered once, then the animals were monitored for 14 days. On day 14, a study of the total blood count of animals was conducted to assess the effect of a single application of “SV” on hematological parameters, and the effect of the drug on body weight and mass coefficients of the internal organs of rats was also taken into account. Research results. When studying the acute toxicity of “SV” in none of the groups receiving increasing doses of the drug, there was no incidence or morbidity, abnormal clinical signs, abnormalities in neurobehavioral reactions, changes in body weight, organ weight, hematological and pathomorphological parameters. It has been established that the acute oral toxicity of the drug “SV” is over 6000 mg/kg, which allows it to be classified as a hazard class 4.
Veterinary and sanitary examination of meat and meat products
UDC: 637.5.04/07
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Elena V. Tsaregorodtseva ; Gulnara N. Usmanova; Sergey Yu. Smolentsev;
Introduction. The taste and shelf life of finished meat products depend on the quality of raw meat received for processing. The purpose is to study the quality of raw meat received for processing, the production of pork sausages and the examination of the finished product. Materials and methods. In the conditions of the laboratory of Technology and expertise of animal food products of MarGU, the entrance control of pork was carried out with the determination of the quality group according to the pH level. The direction of processing meat into boiled sausages has been determined and a model batch of “Pork sausages” has been developed. In the finished product, studies of the mass fraction of moisture and salt, microbiological examination at the beginning and end of the shelf life of sausages were carried out. Results and discussion. Pork received for production belonged to the NOR qualitative group in terms of pH, the value of which was 5.8 units. In general, the quality of meat corresponded to the requirements of TR CU 021/2011 for microbiological indicators. During the preparation of minced meat, its bacterial contamination did not occur through the addition of a nitrite-salt mixture, spices and fresh garlic to the formulation. Thus, 1 g of minced meat contained less than 1000 CFU/g of KMAFAnM, there were no bacteria of the E. coli group, salmonella and listeria. The finished product also met the requirements of GOST 23670-2019 “Boiled meat sausage products” in terms of physico-chemical parameters. At the output of the finished product, 114 % contained 68 % moisture and 2.1 % salt. The microbiological analysis of ready-made sausages for the main accumulation media and differential diagnostic media for the identification of mesophilic aerobic and culturally anaerobic microorganisms, bacteria of the E. coli group, salmonella and other colonies of microorganisms is presented. Microbiological safety and quality of the finished product have been established. Conclusion. We believe that the safety and security of meat can be ensured by conducting microbiological studies of the surface and deep layers of meat during the input control of raw materials with the differentiation of meat into qualitative groups. Physico-chemical and microbiological studies of the finished product make it possible to reliably determine the quality of the sausages, as well as to guarantee high technological properties of the finished product.
Chemical composition of quail meat with the inclusion of zeolite and bran from grain contaminated by mycotoxins and treated by microwave in their diets
UDC: 637.054:639.122:549.64
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Leysan F. Yakupova; Ellada K. Рapunidi; Sergey Yu. Smolentsev;
Introduction. Among the many types of poultry products in the world, quail industry products are in particular demand. Quail breeding requires a special approach related to the level of feed contamination with mycotoxins. There is a wide range of methods for reducing the content of mycotoxins in feed. Recently, combined methods of feed detoxification have been widely used. One of these methods is the comprehensive use of ultra-high-frequency feed processing, which allows getting rid of unwanted microflora and increasing the nutritional value of feed, as well as the use of zeolites with high catalytic, ion-exchange and sorption capabilities. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of feeding feed including grain bran containing mycotoxins and subjected to microwave processing, in combination with zeolite and separately, on the chemical composition of quail muscle tissue. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on quails 30 days old, divided into 5 groups, two of which were control (biological control and negative control) and three experimental. Results and discussion. Microwave treatment of grain containing mycotoxins and its feeding to quails contributes to an increase in the protein and calcium content in muscle tissue by 8 and 47 %. The use of zeolite in the quail diet separately and in combination with microwave treatment of grain containing mycotoxins contributes to an increase in the fat content in muscle tissue, which increases the energy value of meat by 4‒23.4 %. Conclusion. The use of microwave treatment of feed and zeolite reduces the toxic effect of mycotoxins on the body of birds, which contributes to an increase in the digestibility of nutrients supplied with feed, and this has a positive effect on the meat productivity of experimental birds, increasing the nutritional and energy value of meat.
Conceptual and Methodological Approach to Developing a Cyclical Model for Intelligent Grain Production Management
UDC: 338.43
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Igor V. Arinichev ;
Introduction. This article examines the impact of digital technologies on grain production, with a focus on the deep and multifaceted transformation of management and decision-making systems. The integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), is leading to a profound and multifaceted transformation in management approaches and decision-making systems within grain production. These changes affect all levels of the production system and require a rethinking of traditional management methods and interactions between value chain participants. Materials and methods. The study utilizes normative documents outlining the development directions of grain production in the near future, as well as information and technological developments by contemporary domestic and international economists in light of institutional support and trends in digital transformation. Results and discussion. The cyclical model presented in the article demonstrates how data and monitoring of production business processes, enhanced by AI technologies, can alter management principles by replacing intuitive and subjective assessments with objective analytical approaches. The main advantages of AI-based monitoring include automated data collection, resource optimization, improved risk management systems, increased transparency in the production process, and effective adaptation to changing external conditions. The paper emphasizes that implementing the new cyclical management model for grain production, based on data and supported by AI, contributes to the innovative development of the sector, enhancing its competitiveness and sustainability. The new model implies that management personnel must acquire new competencies, such as digital literacy, analytical thinking, and digital integration capabilities, to effectively use digital tools and adapt to changing business conditions.
Analysis of production and sales of the main types of crop products in the Penza region
UDC: 330.3
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Natalya M. Guryanova ;
Introduction. Crop production is a valuable area of agricultural activity, providing the population with food, animal husbandry with feed, and the processing industry with a raw material base. Purpose: to analyze the production of the main types of crop products to improve the efficiency of agricultural organizations in the Penza region. Materials and methods. The Penza region was chosen as the object of study, and the analytical component was the production of main types of crop products, such as grains and leguminous crops in weight after processing, sugar beets, sunflowers for grain, potatoes and vegetables. To analyze and evaluate the production component of crop production, deterministic factor analysis models, analysis and evaluation methods based on the absolute increase in key indicators, integration methods, and graphical methods were used. Results, discussion. The most important first-order factors influencing the gross yields of the main types of agricultural crops in farms of all categories are the sown area and yield. In the region, there was a change in the actual structure of sown areas, which affected the change in crop production volumes. Revenue from the sale of agricultural crops was chosen as an effective indicator of the activities of agricultural enterprises. At the same time, the change in the effective indicator was analyzed depending on the change in the structure of sown areas in the reporting period. At the same time, a negative change in the quantitative indicator of the first-order factor had a negative impact on the decrease in the effective indicator, reflecting the effective work of agricultural producers. Conclusion. A change in the structure of sown areas was identified as the main problem of reducing production volumes of the main types of crop products. The most stable picture is observed only for sunflower grain. Therefore, as a reserve for growth and increasing the volume of gross harvest of agricultural crops, the question is not just of expanding the sown areas, but also changing their structure, namely in the context of increasing the share under more productive crops.
Analysis and efficiency assessment of IPOs of Russian companies
UDC: 336.648
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Ivan A. Molchanov;
The article examines the theoretical aspect of the Initial Public Offering (IPO) process, examines its definitions and the history of its occurrence in Russia and in the world. So, we can say that the first public offering took place in 1602 in the Netherlands. In the Russian Federation, the first IPO occurred in 2002, when “RosBusinessConsulting” entered the Moscow Stock Exchange. Based on statistical data, the dynamics of IPOs in Russia is analyzed, and it is concluded that the peak volumes of attracted shares from the initial public offering were obtained in 2006‒2007. The article raises the issue of the problems of evaluating the effectiveness of the Initial Public Offering of shares, the opinions of various authors on the indicators and parameters used for this are studied. An opinion has been formed about the lack of a single universal approach to evaluating the effectiveness of an IPO. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the IPO on the example of the Russian company PJSC Eurotrans. Materials and methods. The article applies the basic methods of the company's value management concept, as well as analyzes the cost indicators. The sources of the research are static data and financial reporting data. The results of the study and their discussion. The use of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the purpose of evaluating efficiency should be considered in comparison with the indicator of the cost of attracting debt capital (Kd). Adaptive computations of these indicators for PJSC Eurotrans are presented. Conclusions. As a result of the effectiveness evaluation of the IPO of PJSC Eurotrans, conclusions were drawn about its effectiveness.