VESTNIK 1 (42) 2025
- Title:
- VESTNIK 1 (42) 2025
- Number:
- 2
- Year:
- 2025
- Date publication on the site:
- 2025-07-29 10:35:48
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Content all 13
Study of acute, subchronic toxicity and cumulative properties of complex feed additive “FolEsap+” with intragastric administration to laboratory animals
UDC: 614.95
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Evgeniya A. Alisheva; Ramil N. Fayzrakhmanov; Nadezhda I. Danilova;
Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the need to reduce the cost of feed in sheep breeding through the use of mineral organic additives that help to increase animal productivity, as well as the prevention of diseases arising from the lack of micro- and macroelements and vitamins. Purpose of the study: to investigate the degree of safety of complex feed additive “FolEsap+”, consisting of mineral filler in the form of sapropel, organic selenium, vitamin E and folic acid. Materials and methods. Acute toxicity of the complex feed additive “FolEsap+” was carried out according to Kerber's method on sexually mature white Wistar rats by a single intragastric injection of an aqueous solution of the investigated additive using a metal probe with a napaen olive at the end in doses of 1000 mg/kg, 3000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg, and rats of the control group were administered distilled water instead of the additive. Subchronic toxicity was studied on 16 sexually mature white rats of Wistar line, which were daily, during 24 days, intragastrically administered an aqueous solution of complex feed additive “FolEsap+” using a metal probe, at a dose of 0.5 g/kg, increasing the volume of the administered additive 1.5 times every 4 days. Observations on the animals were continued for 14 days after the last administration of the feed additive. Results, discussion. Administration of complex feed additive “FolEsap” in doses from 1000 to 5000 mg/kg in both experimental and control groups, death of experimental animals and expressed deviations in water and feed consumption, animal body weight and clinical signs were not observed clinical signs were not observed. As a result of the experiment on studying the subchronic toxicity of the complex feed additive “FolEsap+”, no dead animals were registered. Post-mortem examination of animals from experimental and control groups in 30 days after the beginning of feed additive introduction did not reveal visible deviations from internal organs and tissues. Conclusion. The data of the conducted experiments allow attributing the feed additive “FolEsap+” by hygienic classification and by the main parameters of harmfulness to non-toxic compounds, and by the degree of hazard (GOST 12.1.007.76) to class IV ‒ low-hazardous substances with weakly expressed cumulation.
Masked mycotoxins: metabolism and toxicological significance (review)
UDC: 619:579.62:615.9
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Fanil R. Vafin; Eduard I. Semenov; Nailya N. Mishina; Alexander M. Saifutdinov;
Introduction. Masked mycotoxins that change their structure in plants are difficult to detect using traditional methods. Some of them, such as enzyme immunoassay, can detect masked forms, while others, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, are not always effective. Mycotoxins can change during food processing, and many of the new compounds are less toxic. However, the analysis of masked mycotoxins requires special preparation, which can lead to an underestimation of the total mycotoxin content in the samples. The aim of this work is a comprehensive study of scientific papers by domestic and foreign authors devoted to the current problems of masked mycotoxins, their sources, mechanisms of action and impact on human and animal health. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research was the scientific works of domestic and foreign veterinary specialists who specialize in the field of toxicology. Results, discussion. According to many authors, the studies conducted allow us to conclude that there are currently no toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic studies that would allow us to adequately assess the hazard or risk associated with masked mycotoxins compared to their original forms. Although some of the substances studied have low overall toxicity, the increased bioavailability and the possibility of partial reactivation of masked mycotoxins during digestion in mammals may pose a health threat. Conclusion. It can be concluded that there are currently no toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic studies that would allow us to assess the hazard or risk associated with masked mycotoxins compared to their original mycotoxins. Despite the low overall toxicity of several of the substances studied, it is possible that the increased bioavailability and partial reactivation of masked mycotoxins during digestion in mammals still pose a health threat.
Preclinical evaluation of a new feed additive
UDC: 615:01.577
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Alexey Yu. Voronin;
Introduction. Disruption of sulfur metabolism in the animal body is an important aspect in the cause of split ends in fur animals. An existing relationship between the resistance of the animal body and the amount of sulfur-containing substances, in particular in the skin and hair, is noted. The aim of the study was a preclinical study of a new feed additive. Materials and methods. To determine acute toxicity, we used non-linear mice weighing 19‒23 g, divided into 5 groups of 5 mice each under vivarium conditions. The basic rules for keeping and caring for them complied with the “Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for the Design, Equipment, and Maintenance of Experimental Biological Clinics (Vivariums)” approved by the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing No. 51 of August 29, 2014. The room where the animals were kept had the following conditions: temperature 20‒26 °C, humidity 30‒70 %, 100 % ventilation without recirculation with air change of 8‒10 room volumes per hour, day/night light regime. The animals had free access to drinking water in drinkers (glass bottles with a rubber stopper and a glass spout). For mice, we used the complete feed “Chara Breeding” for conventional small laboratory rodents (mice, rats, hamsters), apathogenic. Results and discussion. With intragastric administration of toxic doses of the drug, none of the tested doses caused death of animals. When comparing the dynamics of body weight of white mice in the control and experimental groups, no statistically significant change in weight was found. Conclusion. As a result of preclinical studies of acute toxicity with intragastric administration in experiments on mature white mice, it was found that when administered in doses from 0.2 ml to 0.5 ml, it does not have a toxic effect and does not cause changes in internal organs, does not affect body weight.
Effectiveness of the immunomodulator “Azoxivet” in in ovo vaccination of broiler
UDC: 57.574:636.5/.6:658.082.474
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Maxim V. Korenyuga; Elena A. Kapitonova; Ivan I. Kochish;
Introduction. In this study, the effectiveness of the synthetic immunomodulatory drug “Azoxivet” in vaccinating broiler chickens of the “Azoxivet” cross using the in ovo method was assessed. Purpose ‒ the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the drug on the immune response and productive indicators of poultry when administered simultaneously with a live vaccine against infectious bursal disease (IBD) obtained from the MB-1 strain. Materials and methods. Vaccination was carried out on the 18th day of incubation, during the period of intensive development of the immune system. The drug “Azoxivet” was administered in two doses, 0.02 mg and 0.05 mg, into the amniotic cavity of the embryos. The experimental model included four groups: two experimental and two control (without the drug, but with the vaccine and without vaccination and without the drug). The birds were kept in vivarium conditions with a floor rearing system. Results, discussion. The results obtained showed the absence of statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of the main zootechnical indicators. However, in the experimental groups, there was a tendency for hatchability to increase compared to the control. Immunological monitoring showed high initial titers of specific antibodies in all groups due to maternal immunity, the highest in the pure control group. Earlier and more pronounced production of antibodies to the IBD virus was observed in the groups that received “Azoxivet”. At the same time, earlier (from day 24) and intensive production of own antibodies to the IBD virus, in contrast to the control group, where the increase was recorded only from the 28th day. More uniform antibody titers and a higher vaccination index were also established in the birds that received “Azoxivet”. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate the prospects for using the drug in vaccination schemes by the in ovo method.
Experience of using ointment for the treatment of Mortellaro disease in cows in a dairy complex
UDC: 619:616.9:636.2
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Anna L. Moskvina; Nazar V. Yavnikov; Roman V. Anisko;
Introduction. Diseases of the distal limbs of cattle are widespread in dairy farming. As a rule, such pathologies occur as mixed bacterioses with purulent-necrotic tissue lesions. One of the most common diseases of this group is digital dermatitis of cattle (Mortellaro disease). Economic losses from this disease are significant and consist of reduced productivity of animals, their premature culling, costs of treatment and prevention. Purpose. To determine the therapeutic efficacy of the developed drug for the treatment of Mortellaro's disease as part of the complex therapy of this disease. Materials and methods. On the basis of the Penza SAU, a drug in the form of an ointment containing zinc oxide, copper sulfate, salicylic acid and dimethyl sulfoxide, a hydrophilic ointment base based on polyvinylpyrrolidone was developed and tested. Production tests of the drug were conducted at a dairy complex in the Belgorod region. On the farm, according to the principle of pairs-analogues, 2 groups of animals of 10 cows with a diagnosis of Mortellaro disease were formed. The treatment of animals in the experimental and control groups was similar, except that the control animals were given an aerosol for external use containing chlortetracycline on the affected area. Results. In the experimental group, the developed preparation was used in the form of an ointment. In the experimental group, lameness ceased earlier and granulation tissue appeared in the pathological focus; on average, fewer dressings were performed and the duration of the treatment course was also shorter. The difference in these indicators was statistically significant. Conclusion. Thus, during clinical trials of the drug for the treatment of diseases of the distal part of the extremities of cattle, high efficiency was demonstrated in the treatment of cows with digital dermatitis (Mortellaro disease).
The effect of liquid organic fertilizer on rapeseed yield
UDC: 631.862.2
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Sergey I. Novoselov; Ivan V. Torutkin ;
Introduction. Numerous experiments have proven that it is impossible to increase soil fertility and obtain high yields on sod-podzolic soils without the use of organic fertilizers. In recent years, due to the insufficient use of organic fertilizers, this problem has become even more acute. The situation can be improved by maximizing the use of liquid organic fertilizers such as pig manure. Materials and methods. The study was conducted using micro-field experiments and laboratory analyses. The micro-field experiments were carried out in an experimental field, and the laboratory studies were conducted at the Department of General Agriculture, Plant Growing, Agrochemistry, and Plant Protection at Mari State University. A modified liquid organic fertilizer was obtained (created) by neutralizing liquid pig manure with sulfuric acid (H_2SO_4) to pH 5.5‒5.7. The object of the study was spring rapeseed of the Yarilo variety, which was grown for seeds. The aim of the study was to study the effect of doses and forms of liquid pig manure on the yield of spring rapeseed. Results and discussion. It was found that liquid organic fertilizers lead to the emergence of rape seedlings in 1–2 days. The application of 30 t/ha of liquid manure increased plant survival by 5.1–5.7 %, and 60 t/ha by 7.1–9.9 %. The seed yield in the control was 160 g/m². Liquid pig manure at doses of 30 and 60 t/ha increased the yield by 70.5 and 105.5 g/m², respectively, and the modified fertilizer by 85.5 and 137.5 g/m². The use of fertilizers increased the number of pods and seeds in a pod, seed weight, and 1000-seed weight. The oil content in seeds without fertilizers was 41.2 %. The use of liquid pig manure at doses of 30 and 60 t/ha increased its concentration to 41.4 and 41.7 %, respectively, and modified fertilizer at a dose of 30 t/ha ‒ to 41.7 %, at a dose of 60 t/ha ‒ to 41.6 %. The maximum oil yield, equal to 12.39 c/ha, was obtained in the variant using modified liquid organic fertilizer at a dose of 60 t/ha.
Complex use of biologically active additives in feeding meat breeds of farm animals (review)
UDC: 636/639 636.03
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Olesya S. Ovchinnikova; Tatiana O. Nikolaeva;
Introduction. Increasing the productivity of farm animals is a key task for most countries.
The animal's body obeys the law of normal physiological reaction, so the choice of feed additives depends on the genetics of the breed and the cross. It is important to ensure a balanced diet, taking into account the nutritional, mineral and biologically active substances needs of each animal. Researchers from all over the world are trying to achieve the results of proper animal feeding. They do this so that the animal has enough elements to develop and increase its productivity. This article raises the topic of the use of biologically active additives for feeding farm animals of meat production. Purpose ‒ it consists in determining the most nutritious supplement in the animal's diet, which will suit the nutritional, mineral, vitamin and biologically active substances. Materials and methods. Theoretical and generalized analysis of domestic and foreign literature related to studies of the effect of biological additives on animal productivity. Results, discussion. When creating biologically active food additives or compound feeds, it is important to consider the basic rules, including economic benefits. Innovative technologies and eco-friendly solutions are needed to increase livestock productivity. A systematic approach and the introduction of advanced scientific developments will help to achieve high productivity and biological protection of agricultural enterprises. Conclusion. When creating biologically active food additives or compound feeds, it is important to consider the basic rules, including economic benefits. Innovative technologies and eco-friendly solutions are needed to increase livestock productivity. A systematic approach and the introduction of advanced scientific developments will help to achieve high productivity and biological protection of agricultural enterprises.
Allergenic and anti-irritating properties of the “Molasses” composite biopreparation
UDC: 619:614.48+615.9
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Ramzia М. Potekhina;
Introduction. The search for combined biologics, a combination of two or more well-known or studied drugs, is a new drug with new, not always predictable transformations in the body. Hence, an indispensable condition is that every new combined drug, in addition to being tested for effectiveness, must be tested for harmlessness to the body, and its toxic properties must be studied. The objective of this study was to study the allergenic and local irritating effects and properties of composite biological preparations based on fungi of the genus Trichoderma reesei and mycelial fungi Fusarium sambucinum. The purpose of the experiment is to study the allergenic and local irritating effects of the new composite biological product “Molasses”, developed for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases in livestock farms. Materials and methods. The local irritant effect of the “Molasses” biopreparation was studied on 8 albino guinea pigs and 4 chinchilla rabbits using a single, 4–hour application of a solution of the “Molasses” biopreparation to the skin. Multiple epicutane applications of the composite biopreparation were performed on 8 albino guinea pigs at the maximum tested concentration 5 times a week for 2 weeks. A specific leukocyte lysis reaction (RSLL) was performed in order to evaluate the Molasses biologics in vitro. An experiment to study the local irritant effect on the mucous membrane of the eyes was carried out on 4 Chinchilla rabbits, 2 drops of the tested concentrations of the agent were injected into the conjunctival sac. Research results. In a behavioral laboratory study, it was found that the complex biological product “Molasses” (based on the mycelial fungi Fusarium sambucinum and Trichoderma reesei) does not cause sensitization, does not have an allergenic and locally irritating effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the eyes of experimental animals. Therefore, the Molasses composite biological product can be used as a promising biological product for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases in livestock farms.
Quality indicators and safety of raw smoked sausages produced using starter cultures
UDC: 637.524.5
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Ekaterina A. Savinkova; Sergey I. Okhotnikov; Ramil I. Nigmatullin; Andrey P. Gerasimov ;
Introduction. During the course of the research, we used starter cultures in the production of dry-cured sausages, which are traditionally made using fermentation and smoking methods. Starter cultures are preparations containing microorganisms that initiate fermentation processes in the meat raw materials, resulting in the development of flavor, aroma, texture, and color of the product, preventing the growth of harmful bacteria, reducing ripening times, increasing yield, and extending shelf life. The purpose ‒ to study the influence of starter cultures on the quality, organoleptic characteristics, safety, and shelf life of dry-cured sausages. Materials and Methods. The objects of the study included the main and auxiliary raw materials used in the production of dry-cured sausages, as well as the finished products. The quality and safety indicators of the produced sausages were assessed using standard methods. Research results, discussions. The study of chemical composition, organoleptic properties, and quality indicators of the finished product revealed that both experimental and control samples meet the requirements of GOST 33708-2015. Minor differences in moisture, protein, fat, and ash content between samples were not statistically significant. The peroxide and acid numbers throughout the entire study period complied with normative standards. Microbiological safety indicators met sanitary-hygienic norms. In organoleptic evaluation, the experimental sample of dry-cured sausage received a higher score than the control – 23,5 points versus 20,7. Conclusion. Incorporating starter cultures into meat raw materials for producing dry-cured sausages via traditional fermentation and smoking methods positively influenced the organoleptic qualities of the final product while ensuring appropriate safety standards.
The use of phytobiotics in the feeding of farm animals (review)
UDC: 636.084:636.087.7
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Dmitrii S. Starodubtsev ; Sergey Yu. Smolentsev;
Introduction. Modern animal husbandry requires the use of biologically active additives to prevent the negative effects of physiological factors and increase productivity. The most important aspects remain a balanced diet and optimal housing conditions, especially for highly productive breeds. Phytobiotics, natural antibiotics that can replace synthetic analogues, are of growing interest. These substances have a wide range of effects and are used to improve the health and productivity of animals, but they require confirmation of their effectiveness, taking into account physiology, technology and economics. Purpose ‒ this review is aimed at investigating the current state of affairs in the field of the use of antibiotics in the diets of farm animals.
To achieve this goal, an analysis of scientific papers published in leading domestic and foreign publications was carried out. Materials and methods. Theoretical and generalized analysis of domestic and foreign literature related to studies of the effect of biological additives on animal productivity. Results, discussion. The realization of the genetic potential of farm animal productivity in industrial technologies requires the inclusion of biologically active additives in diets that help increase productivity and normalize homeostasis. With the development of trends away from traditional drugs, there has been an increased interest in phytobiotics, natural substances that improve the digestibility of feed, have antimicrobial efficacy and stimulate growth. Their use increases immunity, improves animal health and production performance, making production more cost-effective. Conclusion. The use of plant extracts (phytobiotics) obtained from natural sources in feed for farm animals is based on the study of plant properties and the use of technologies for extracting useful components. Standardization and testing of extracts is important to ensure effectiveness. Phytobiotics improve digestion, appetite, and nutrient absorption, increasing animal productivity.
Review of veterinary and sanitary examination of meat from dairy calves subjected to heat stress
UDC: 619:614.31:637.5:636.2
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Aidar R. Sharipov;
Introduction. Multiple meteorological factors, including high humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and ambient temperature, interact to induce heat stress (HS), which adversely affects animal welfare and productivity. HS has been proven to alter feeding behavior, reduce dry matter intake (DMI), disrupt rumen function, and trigger physiological and microbiological changes. In cattle, HS can occur at temperatures above 20 °C (depending on the breed), leading to a 3–5 % decrease in feed intake per degree of temperature increase. Dairy calves are particularly vulnerable due to immature thermoregulation mechanisms, which impacts their health and meat quality. Veterinary and sanitary inspection of such meat requires special attention due to changes in biochemical and microbiological parameters. The purpose ‒ the study aimed to summarize current data on the effects of HS on the quality of dairy veal meat and provide recommendations for improving veterinary and sanitary control. Materials and methods. An analysis of scientific articles (2019–2024) from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Springer databases was conducted using keywords: “heat stress”, “dairy calves”, “meat quality”, and “veterinary-sanitary inspection”. The research focused on physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic changes, as well as methods to mitigate the effects of HS. Results, discussion. Physicochemical Changes. HS reduces meat pH in the first hour’s post-slaughter due to accelerated glycolysis, promoting the formation of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) meat. Increased oxidative stress compromises nutritional value and shelf life. Microbiological Changes. HS raises contamination levels with pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli) and psychrotrophic bacteria, increasing spoilage risks and product safety hazards. Organoleptic Changes. Meat from heat-stressed calves exhibits pale color, loose texture, low water-holding capacity, and unpleasant odors due to lipid and protein oxidation. Conclusion. HS significantly deteriorates the quality and safety of dairy veal meat. Comprehensive measures, including adaptive technologies and specialized feed additives, are required to minimize its impact. Promising research directions include studying the molecular mechanisms of HS and developing early diagnostic methods in the context of global warming.
Analysis of the development of the grain product subcomplex under damper conditions
UDC: 338. 436.33:339.543
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Zinaida P. Medelyaeva; Alla I. Voronova;
Introduetion. In recent years, issues of increasing the efficiency of the grain product subcomplex have become increasingly relevant, since it is this subcomplex that largely determines the efficiency of agricultural producers. On the other hand, grain exports have provided significant financial revenues to the federal budget in recent years. Purpose ‒ the article analyzes the impact of the use of a damper on the situation with prices in the domestic market, analyzes the filling of the federal budget due to customs duties from the sale of grain, the return of funds received from the grain damper to agricultural producers, and the effectiveness of the mechanism used. Materiaie fnd methods. Official statistical data on grain prices, production and export volumes, budget receipts, etc. The methods used were comparison, monographic, calculation and constructive, etc. Results, discussion. One of the tools designed to improve economic relations in the grain product subcomplex and contribute to the filling of the federal budget is the damper developed and implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture. On the positive side, the damper helps avoid sharp fluctuations in grain prices, which in turn provides predictability for grain consumers on the domestic market, regulate export volumes, ensure the required volume of production in the country, fill the federal budget, ensuring, among other things, the return of funds in the form of subsidies to direct grain producers. The negative aspects are that the direct grain producers have not felt a significant result from the mechanism used; the collection of duties sometimes leads to a sharp decrease in contract prices on the domestic market, which does not always ensure that producers receive the necessary profit. The effectiveness of the damper will only be demonstrated through constant monitoring and adjustment, which requires significant resources and time from the state. Conclusion. It is concluded that the use of a damper has both positive and negative aspects that must be taken into account when developing and implementing policies in the grain product subcomplex.
Export of Russian agricultural products to Africa: differentiation of flows at the country level
UDC: 338.433
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Ivan I. Nuzhdin;
Introduction. African countries continue to face problems in the field of food security, not providing themselves with sufficient amounts of high-quality food. In recent years, exports of Russian agricultural products to Africa have been steadily growing, despite external economic difficulties such as sanctions and logistical problems. The purpose of the research is to identify the degree of differentiation of imports of products of the Russian agro-industrial complex (AIC) by African countries for the period 2013‒2021. Materials and methods. The spatial differentiation of imports was assessed using a modified mosaic index (МMI). The study covers six product categories of the federal project “Export of agricultural products” and uses data from Russia's foreign trade, including information on exports and imports of goods by individual product groups and countries. The results of the study. The stable supply of grain and fat and oil products indicates strong trade relations with traditional partners on the African continent, while the growth in the МMI index of other AIC groups indicates structural changes in Russian export policy aimed at expanding geographical coverage. During the period under review, exports of grain crops increased, while the supply of fat and oil products decreased against the background of grain. Exports of meat products have increased significantly, which confirms the diversification of export flows. The products of the food and processing industry showed volatility. Fish and seafood, mainly supplied to Nigeria, showed improved diversification in 2021. Conclusion. The observed stability of spatial differentiation of supplies indicates the strategic orientation of Russian exports to certain markets, which indicates the consistency of Russia's foreign economic policy and the stability of preferences of Russian exporters on the African continent.