VESTNIK 2 (34) 2023
- Title:
- VESTNIK 2 (34) 2023
- Number:
- 2
- Year:
- 2023
- Date publication on the site:
- 2023-08-04 08:35:30
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 14
The effect of lead salts on morphophysiological parameters of the white sweet clover (Melilotus albus Medik.)
UDC: 631.421.2
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Elena A. Alyabysheva;
Introduction. The problem of environmental pollution by heavy metals is becoming more and more urgent. Lead ions from the soil enter plants and disrupt the normal course of morphological and biochemical processes. The species-specific mechanisms of lead absorption have not been fully studied. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of lead salts on the morphophysiological parameters of the white sweet clover (Melilotus albus Medik.). Materials and methods. The objects of the study were seeds and seedlings of white sweet clover (Melilotus albus Medik., Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family). The effect of aqueous solutions of Pb(NO3)2 (0.001 M, 0.005 M, 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M) on the energy of germination and viability of seeds, the permeability of cell membranes and the size of roots and leaves of white sweet clover (Melilotus albus Medik.) seedlings was studied. Results, discussion. With an increase in the concentration of lead in an aqueous solution (from 0.001 M to 0.1 M), the germination energy and viability of white sweet clover seeds significantly decreased compared to the control (by 19.0‒94.3 % and 35.4‒91.4 %, respectively), and the leachability of intracellular electrolytes from root and leaf tissues increased by 2.7‒3.0 and 1.6‒2.4 times, respectively. Under conditions of increasing lead pollution, there was a 1.1‒2.1‒fold decrease in the length of the roots and 1.1‒1.3-fold decrease in the height of the shoots of seedlings, which, apparently, is associated with the accumulation of metal in plant tissues, and as a consequence, inhibition of meristem activity. Conclusion. 0.01‒0.1 M solutions of Pb(NO3)2 had a toxic effect on seed germination processes, on the state of cell membranes, disrupting their lipid complex; lead, entering the tissues of white sweet clover (Melilotus albus) seedlings, inhibited the growth of the main root and leaves.
Determination of the mathematical dependence of the degree of soil crumbling by a combined small-sized tillage unit with an active spiral roller
UDC: 631.319.2
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Nuriya N. Anderzhanova ; Gubeidulla S. Yunusov ; Andrey V. Mayorov;
This article presents a new design of a combined small-sized tillage unit equipped with an active spiral roller. Introduction. Since ancient times, the plowman has been improving soil cultivation tools, from the simplest plow to modern implements, individual single-operation units to complex combined machines. Since in modern times the agricultural industry in Russia relies on small forms of management, which intensively uses small-sized tillage equipment, the development of hinged combined working bodies for a walk-behind tractor for pre-sowing tillage is an urgent task. Materials and methods. The Mari State University has developed a design for a combined small-sized tillage unit with an active spiral roller. Through statistical processing of experimental data, the mathematical dependence of the degree of crumbling of the soil on the main independent factors of the processing process was revealed, which made it possible to determine the most effective technological modes of operation of the unit. Field analysis of the factors affecting the degree of crumbling of the soil, which characterized its evenness, showed that the depth of processing, the load on the press roller and the speed of the roller rotor had the greatest influence on this indicator. Research results, discussion. The experimental research program included several stages and consisted of preliminary one-factor and full three-factor experiments. In accordance with the results of one-factor experiments during the implementation of combined tillage, the characteristic dependences of soil lumpiness indicators on the indicators of the depth of processing, the engine speed and the load of the packer were determined. Based on the data obtained, a mathematical dependence of the degree of crumbling of the soil on various factors was derived. Conclusion. The optimal soil tillage parameters for a spiral roller are the tillage depth Х1=18 cm, the rotor speed of the roller Х2=340 rpm and the load of the packer roller Х3=50 N. The use of these parameters provides the highest degree of soil crumbling and allows sowing and planting crops in accordance with agrotechnical requirements, making the work of the combined small-sized unit the most efficient.
Biochemical parameters of rabbits in immunotherapy of mycotoxicoses
UDC: 619:615.9:616-085
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Nailya N. Mishina; Eduard I. Semenov; Zukhra Kh. Sagdeeva; Almaz R. Valiev;
Т-2 токсин является самым токсичным и распространенным фузариотоксином в регионах России и Европы с умеренным климатом. Он обладает политоксическим действием и приводит
к апоптозу гепатоцитов, других клеток внутренних органов и изменению биохимических параметров сыворотки крови. Цель ‒ оценка эффективности специфической (иммунной) терапии при микотоксикозе кроликов с использованием биохимических маркеров функциональной способности внутренних органов. Материалы и методы. Для постановки эксперимента сформировали 4 группы самцов кроликов по
5 животных в каждой. Первая группа была отрицательным контролем. Рацион кроликов второй, третьей и четвертой групп состоял из комбикорма, контаминированного Т-2 токсином в дозе 0,3 мг/кг корма. Кроликам третьей группы проводили курс пассивной иммунизации лечебной сывороткой, содержащей поликлональные антитела к конъюгату Т-2 токсина с полилизином в начале опыта и повторно на 7 и 14 сут. эксперимента. Животным четвертой группы проводили курс активной иммунизации до введениятоксина конъюгатом Т-2 токсина с полилизином. На 21 сут эксперимента у животных брали сыворотку крови для определения сывороточной мочевины, общего белка, глюкозы, холестерина и активности аспартатаминотрансферазы, аланинаминотрансферазы и щелочной фосфатазы. Результаты исследований. В результате эксперимента продемонстрировано, что применение специфической терапии в виде лечебной сыворотки, содержащей поликлональные антитела к конъюгату Т-2-полилизина, обеспечивает защиту при микотоксикозе животных. При предварительной (активной) иммунизации кроликов коньюгатом Т-2 полилизина также происходит нейтрализация действия Т-2 токсина, но эффект меньше, чем при терапии пассивной иммунизации.
Modern wound dressings for veterinary use (review)
UDC: 619:616-089.4
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Anna L. Moskvina;
Introduction. The process of improving the ways and methods of treating wounds in animals does not lose its relevance. The purpose of the research is to study and determine the main methods of treatment of wound surfaces in veterinary medicine. Also to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of current wound care materials for veterinary use. Materials and methods. The study was carried out by summarizing, analyzing and systematizing the available scientific literature on the history of the development of the treatment of wound processes of various etymologies, methods of using modern materials and technologies in treatment. Research results, discussion. The article presents an overview of the modern view on various wound dressings in veterinary medicine, the features of their application. The main materials used in the treatment of wounds in veterinary practice, the features of the use of these materials, and general treatment regimens are established. The main characteristics of the materials, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using different types for various lesions are revealed. Conclusion. Wound treatment in veterinary practices has its own specifics and characteristics. Thanks to numerous research works on these processes, modern veterinary specialists have a wide arsenal of highly effective methods of treatment. The market for various materials for treatment is also rapidly developing, which significantly increases the efficiency of the specialist’s work and minimizes the amount of work done at a much lower cost. Modern wound dressings help reduce the need for surgery and the risk of wound infection. Thereby, making the specialist’s work more passive. Despite this, the features of the treatment of wound processes have not been fully studied and the topic is relevant and rapidly developing.
Determination of the level of feed contamination with aflatoxin B1
UDC: 543.544.53+636.085.3
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Aisylu Z. Mukharlyamova;
Introduction. The process of improving the ways and methods of treating wounds in animals does not lose its relevance. The purpose of the research is to study and determine the main methods of treatment of wound surfaces in veterinary medicine. Also to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of current wound care materials for veterinary use. Materials and methods. The study was carried out by summarizing, analyzing and systematizing the available scientific literature on the history of the development of the treatment of wound processes of various etymologies, methods of using modern materials and technologies in treatment. Research results, discussion. The article presents an overview of the modern view on various wound dressings in veterinary medicine, the features of their application. The main materials used in the treatment of wounds in veterinary practice, the features of the use of these materials, and general treatment regimens are established. The main characteristics of the materials, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using different types for various lesions are revealed. Conclusion. Wound treatment in veterinary practices has its own specifics and characteristics. Thanks to numerous research works on these processes, modern veterinary specialists have a wide arsenal of highly effective methods of treatment. The market for various materials for treatment is also rapidly developing, which significantly increases the efficiency of the specialist’s work and minimizes the amount of work done at a much lower cost. Modern wound dressings help reduce the need for surgery and the risk of wound infection. Thereby, making the specialist’s work more passive. Despite this, the features of the treatment of wound processes have not been fully studied and the topic is relevant and rapidly developing.
Modern problems of phospholipid obtaining technology (review)
UDC: 619:665.3:577.36
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Edie M. Plotnikova; Ramzi N. Nizamov; Fanil R. Vafin; Mulanur M. Shakurov; Nikolay M. Vasilevsky; Zavdat L. Tukhfatullov;
Introduction. This review article analyzes various methods of phospholipid isolation implemented by industrial enterprises. PLs are essential biological substances with clinically proven hepatoprotective, antiatherogenic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. PLs have the most important biological and physicochemical properties, which necessitates the development of methods for their use in the pharmaceutical industry (as excipients), and especially in the design of dosage forms for targeted transport. The main approaches to the isolation of phospholipids and the prospects for the use of raw materials are shown. The dynamics of patenting methods for extracting phospholipids is highlighted, indicating an increase in interest in obtaining phospholipids. The purpose of this work was to study the scientific works of both domestic and foreign authors devoted to modern problems of phospholipid obtaining technology. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was the scientific work of domestic and foreign veterinary specialists who specialize in phospholipid obtaining technology. Research results, discussion. According to many authors, the studies carried out make it possible to compare the studied methods for phospholipid isolation with the qualitative and quantitative composition. The results obtained open wide opportunities for further theoretical and experimental study of the PL of biologically active substances in terms of improving their production and use for radiobiological purposes. Conclusion. All methods for isolating phospholipids are aimed at preserving the native properties of phospholipid products. Each production technology modifies the composition and properties of phospholipid fractions. Therefore, there is a need to use different methods for obtaining phospholipids.
The effect of biologically active substances and sorbent on the veterinary and sanitary quality of meat under cadmium feed contamination
UDC: 619:615.9:581.192.6
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Svetlana N. Potapova; Ilnur R. Kadikov; Ekaterina I. Kurshakova; Gulnaz Sh. Zakirova;
Introduction. Cadmium is one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants. When ingested in humans and animals, it causes a number of irreversible immune, reproductive, nervous system disorders, contributes to changes in the genetic apparatus and neoplasms appearance. The main source of cadmium intake is the consumption of contaminated food products. It is therefore so important to monitor the safety of meat and dairy products. In previous studies, we have established the effectiveness of some essential elements, sorbents and sulfur-containing amino acids against cadmium in laboratory animals. The purpose of the research is to study the safety of cadmium-exposed sheep meat when using zinc, magnesium, selenium, methionine and Alfasorb. Materials and methods. Experimentally 9 sheep were randomly divided into 3 groups of 3 animals each. The first group was biological control, the second group received cadmium (CdCl2) – 0.12 mg/kg, the third group – cadmium (CdCl2) – 0.12 mg/kg of body weight, zinc (ZnCl2) ‒ 125 mg/kg of feed, magnesium (Mg (NO3)2) – 50 mg/kg of feed, selenium (Na2SeO3) – 150 µg/l of drinking water, methionine 50 mg/kg of feed and Alfasorb 1% of the diet. The results confirm the developing deterioration of meat quality under cadmium exposure. The use of zinc, magnesium, selenium, methionine and the sorbent "Alfasorb" to sheep exposed to cadmium, provides the high-quality and safe meat production.
Changes in the functional and technological properties of a boneless semi-finished product under the influence of a food additive
UDC: 637.04
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Ekaterina A. Savinkova;
Introduction. The meat processing industry of the country is assigned one of the leading directions of the development of the agro-industrial complex, which consists in providing the population with basic foodstuffs. The indicator of consumption of meat and meat products containing full-value proteins of animal origin is generally recognized in the world as the main criterion for the welfare of the people. To date, the development of competitive food products is of particular relevance. This focus should provide the population with high-quality meat products.
A special role in this issue is given to non-traditional, national and innovative products, as well as products for healthy nutrition in the context of import substitution. Multicomponent brines used in the production of meat products are complex disperse systems that improve the functional and technological properties of raw materials and improving the quality of finished products. The development of this type of product should include the use of environmentally safe meat raw materials, such as mutton, as well as the use of animal proteins in the multicomponent brine, which improve the quality of the finished product. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of the milk-protein complex on the functional and technological properties of meat raw materials. Materials and methods. The object of the study was salted mutton. Based on the process of color formation, as well as histological indicators of salted meat product, conclusions were formed about changes in the functional and technological characteristics of the finished product. Research results. During the study, it was revealed that a deeper reaction of color formation occurs with raw materials containing a milk-protein complex, microstructural changes are also more pronounced for raw materials injected with this complex. Histological light-optical studies have established that raw materials injected with brine, which also contains this complex in combination with mechanical action and subsequent heat treatment, contribute to the distribution of the system components throughout the volume of the product. Conclusions. Based on the results of the conducted experiments, it can be concluded that the sample containing the milk-protein complex has more attractive qualitative characteristics for this product.
The effect of the modified sorbent on the liver profile of broiler chickens with combined exposure to toxic substances
UDC: 619:615.9:616-085
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Zukhra Kh. Sagdeeva;
Introduction. In practical production, intensively grown broilers are constantly and inevitably exposed to numerous oxidative stimuli, including high ambient temperature, oxidized oils and fats, pathogens, mycotoxins, heavy metals and other toxic and dangerous substances that can cause oxidative stress and oxidative damage. One of the main trends of modern agricultural technology is the use of biologically active substances synthesized by microorganisms that promote the growth, development of plants and animals and improve their physiological state. The purpose of the article is to study changes in the liver profile of blood serum and evaluate the effectiveness of the modified sorbent in combined toxicosis of broiler chickens. Materials and methods. Broiler chickens with a body weight of 800‒1000 g by the beginning of the study were divided into 4 groups: 1 ‒ biological control; 2 – toxic control (T–2 toxin + DON + cadmium+ diquat); 3 ‒ toxic control + sorbent; 4 – biological control + sorbent. Research results, discussion. As a result of the analysis of the biochemical parameters of the blood serum of broiler chickens, it is possible to judge the effectiveness of the modified sorbent under the combined effects of toxic substances.
The effect of probiotics on the growth and weight indicators of young cattle
UDC: 619:616-07:616.4
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Sergey Yu. Smolentsev;
Introduction. The main activity of agriculture is the search for effective methods of production to provide the entire population for the purpose of food independence of the Russian Federation. Modern agriculture is aimed at increasing the number of high-quality livestock products and preserving animal health, taking into account the requirements of veterinary legislation. Veterinarians are faced with the task of increasing the resistance of animals to diseases and getting maximum productivity. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of feed yeast produced in Russia and abroad on the growth of calves up to six months of age. Materials and methods. The research and production experiment was conducted in the conditions of the dairy farm of the SEC collective farm “Gigant” of the Stavropol Territory, where 4 groups of ten heads of black-and-white calves each were formed according to the principle of analogues. The animals were ten days old. The calves of the 1st experimental group received I-SAK1026 with the main diet at the rate of 11 g per animal per day, the animals of the second experimental group were fed the drug Levisil SC + at the rate of 5 g per animal per day and the calves of the third experimental group received the drug Optisaf at the rate of 15 g per animal per day. The control group was kept on a diet adopted by the farm. Results and discussion. The increase in body weight in calves of the experimental groups for 6 months was more significant, since the result exceeded the control by 6.3 %, in absolute terms ‒ by 8.71 kg, and was equal to 136.10 kg. The average daily increase was high in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups. The amount of daily increase for the entire period in the 3rd group exceeded the control results by 6.28 % and amounted to 817.2 g. Changes in the growth indicators of linear measurements with age were different. The animals belonging to the third experimental group were characterized by an advantage in the main part of measurements. In comparison with the control, they showed more significant results. The excess was also revealed in terms of width in makloki, height in the sacrum, chest girth behind the shoulder blades. There was also an advance in the following indicators: height at the withers ‒ by 2.67 cm (2.40 %), chest depth ‒ by 4.15 cm (8.64 %); oblique trunk length by 4.32 cm (3.84 %). Conclusion. According to the results of the study, the following was established. Calves of the third experimental group who received the probiotic Optisaf were characterized by a more significant activity of metabolic processes. The result was that the calves of this group were ahead of the calves belonging to the control in terms of development and growth.
Veterinary and sanitary examination of milk from subsidiary farms of the Republic of Mari El
UDC: 637.053
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Lilia M. Sufyanova; Tatyana V. Kabanova;
Introduction. Currently, in order to avoid buying adulterated milk, some consumers buy whole milk from private farms. However, when buying such a product, there is a risk of harm to health. This is due to the fact that some cattle owners may improperly take care of the health and housing conditions of the animals. The purpose of the article is to conduct a veterinary and sanitary assessment of raw milk samples obtained from subsidiary farms of the Republic of Mari El. Materials and methods. The material for the study was three samples of raw milk, which were obtained from different subsidiary farms. Organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the selected samples were determined. Standardized methods were used to determine the indicators. Research results, discussions. All experimental samples were a homogeneous white liquid without sediment and flakes, with a clean pleasant taste and smell, which met the requirements of GOST 31449-2013. The values of all variants for physico-chemical parameters were also within the limits specified in the standard, which indicates the naturalness of milk. However, when determining the NMAFAnM, results were obtained that greatly exceeded the established requirements. When studying the cultures of samples on the CGB, it was found that there were no bacteria of this group in sample No. 2, unlike samples No. 1 and No. 3. According to the results of the microbiological assessment, it can be concluded that the animals from which milk was obtained were either kept in improper sanitary and hygienic conditions, or the milk obtained from them was seeded with microorganisms when it was packaged in consumer containers. Conclusion. In the course of the study, it was revealed that all samples comply with the requirements of GOST 31449-2013 for organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters. However, all the selected samples were found to exceed the values of microbiological indicators.
Genetic potential of Ayrshire bulls
UDC: 636.082
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Lyudmila V. Kholodova;
Introduction. The formation of dairy herds of breeding farms occurs, among other things, under the influence of the used bull-producers. Depending on the variety of bulls selected for consolidation and the intensity of their use, the herd acquires a certain genetic and phenotypic homogeneity, which affects the productive and breeding qualities of animals. The purpose of the research is to study the genetic potential of bulls used as producers on the breeding stock of Ayrshire cattle bred in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in ZAO “Mariyskoe” of the Republic of Mari El. The research object was dairy cattle of Ayrshire breed. Research results, discussion. In the herd of Ayrshire cattle in ZAO “Mariyskoe” in 2017‒2022, daughters received from 13 producer bulls were producing. 81.8 % of the bulls on the list were recorded in various volumes of state tribal books, and three bulls were rated in Canada and had high indices of tribal value, LPI. Nine bulls were rated in Russia. Producer bulls, whose biological products were used to inseminate the uterine stock of Ayrshire cattle, were characterized by a high genetic potential for productivity: by milk yield from 7479 kg to 13517 kg, by mass fraction of fat ‒ from 3.83 % to 4.8 %, by protein ‒ from 3.2 % to 3.6 %. Analysis of the dairy productivity of bulls’ daughters showed that the descendants did not fully realize the genetic potential obtained from the fathers. The daughters of Landscape 103846246 had the highest milk yields. Conclusion. As a result of research, it was found that the Ayrshire bulls used as producers in the cattle herd of ZAO “Mariyskoe” had a high genetic potential. However, the milk productivity of the daughters of the studied producers was lower compared to the indicators of the maternal ancestors of the bulls, which seems to be associated with the influence of the maternal heredity of the cows.
Integrated assessment of food security of the DPR
UDC: 338.439
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Anastasiya A. Dryndak ;
Introduction. Food security is one of the most important aspects of the life of any society. Guaranteed access to quality food in sufficient quantity is an inalienable right of every person. However, in conditions of economic instability, ensuring food security is becoming a particularly urgent problem. In turn, the integral assessment of food security is a relevant tool that helps to understand the complexity of the problem, identify the main challenges and develop effective strategies and measures to ensure food security in the modern world. The purpose of this work is to form an integrated assessment of the food security of the Donetsk People’s Republic. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, various data sources were used, such as scientific publications and studies related to food security, agriculture and the food industry; statistical reports of the Government of the Donetsk People’s Republic. When writing the article, methods of analysis and synthesis were used, the Harrington’s desirability scale was chosen as a mathematical tool. Research results, discussions. Despite the special role of food security in the socio-economic development of the country, its assessment takes into account only the level of self-sufficiency of the country and its regions with food. The existing methods of assessment and analysis do not take into account a number of indicators reflecting market, economic and social aspects of food policy. Thus, the formation of the country's food security strategy should be based on an objective analytical base, the basis of which is methodological support. Conclusion. The application of the developed integrated assessment of food security provides an opportunity for regions and the state to assess the current level of food security. The use of the Harrington’s desirability scale simplifies the conversion of quantitative indicators into relative ones.
Lean supply chain management: an overview of methods and approaches
UDC: 338.001.36
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Rodion S. Rogulin ; Natalia P. Belozertseva;
Introduction. Lean supply chain management is one of the areas of management in supply chain management, it is based on the philosophy of continuous improvement and elimination of waste. This direction has a large number of branches and modifications. The purpose of this work is to study such tools and methods of supply chain management as Value Stream Mapping System, Kanban System, Production Total Quality Management. Materials and methods. The article presents the advantages, problems and limitations of lean supply chain management methods. As advantages, the improvement of the quality of manufactured products, the creation of a socially responsible business model, the reduction of waste and the conservation of natural resources, the increase in customer satisfaction, the reduction of lead times and the increase in the company's competitiveness in the market are named. The main limitations in implementing lean supply chain management principles can be the high initial investment required for implementation, resistance to change by suppliers and employees, the difficulty of measuring results, especially in terms of quantifying its impact on customer satisfaction and profitability. The article provides examples of overcoming emerging limitations. These examples highlight the importance of careful planning, implementing and monitoring lean initiatives to ensure their success in the supply chain. Results. In the course of the study, a review of approaches to the implementation of lean supply chain management was carried out, the positive and negative aspects of each approach were considered, taking into account modern modifications and the experience of their application. In conclusion, a review of the literature is made and the main directions for further research are identified.