VESTNIK 3 (35) 2023
- Title:
- VESTNIK 3 (35) 2023
- Number:
- 3
- Year:
- 2023
- Date publication on the site:
- 2023-11-17 08:54:37
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 11
Evaluation of the efficiency of a combined small-sized tillage unit with an active needle roller
UDC: 631.319.2
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Nuriya N. Yunusov; Gubeidulla S. Yunusov; Andrey V. Mayorov;
The article describes experimental studies to study the effect of the design of a combined small-sized tillage unit with an active needle roller and a segment cutter developed at the Mari State University, based on the Neva MB ‒
B 6.0 Compact motorblock. When developing a combined tillage unit, the technical parameters of the tool and the conditions for performing operations such as crushing soil blocks, loosening the soil to a certain depth, leveling the microrelief of the surface layer, pruning plant residues and mixing them with the ground, rolling the topsoil were taken into account. As a result of statistical processing of experimental data, a mathematical dependence of the lumpiness of the soil surface on the main independent factors of the tillage process was obtained, which makes it possible to determine the rational technological modes of operation of the unit. Introduction. A key role in providing favorable conditions for the growth and development of agricultural crops is played by high-quality field work. This means that it is necessary to ensure compliance with the quality parameters and deadlines for the fulfillment of agrotechnical requirements in small subsidiary and farms, where work is carried out under limited and cramped conditions with the use of tillers. Materials and methods. The use of a trailed active needle roller can significantly speed up the process of soil preparation. The pilot study included the study of the influence of three main factors on soil crumbling: the depth of processing, the load on the press roller and the speed of the roller rotor. The results of the study make it possible to optimize the use of rollers in soil cultivation and increase its crumbling. This, in turn, can lead to improved soil quality and increased crop yields. Research results. The experimental research program included several stages and consisted of preliminary one-factor and full three-factor experiments. In the course of the combined tillage, the characteristic dependences of soil lumpiness indicators on indicators of tillage depth, engine speed and load of the rolling roller were determined. Based on the data obtained, a mathematical dependence of the degree of soil crumbling on various factors was derived. Conclusion. The test results show that at the working depth Х1=18cm, the rotation frequency of the roller rotor Х2=270 rpm, the load of the press roller Х3=30 N, the operation of the active needle roller is the most efficient, since with these parameters the maximum degree of soil crumbling is achieved.
Parameters and operating modes of a small-sized tillage unit with a slat-spiral roller
UDC: 631.319.2
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Nuriya N. Anderzhanova; Gubeidulla S. Yunusov; Andrey V. Mayorov;
In this work, the design of a combined small-sized tillage unit using a slat-spiral roller was developed. This design makes it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the tillage process and reduce the maintenance costs of the unit. Introduction. One of the main elements of mechanization of field work at small agricultural enterprises is a tiller. An important aspect in the operation of tillers is the compliance of quality parameters and deadlines of work with agrotechnical requirements. Due to the limited area on which work is carried out, tillers are the most optimal choice for performing many agrotechnical operations. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed design, the main parameters and operating modes of a small-sized tillage unit with an active slat-spiral roller. Materials and methods. Based on experimental data, statistical processing was carried out, which resulted in a mathematical relationship between the lumpiness of the soil surface and the main independent factors of the processing process. This makes it possible to determine the optimal technological modes of operation of the unit, which significantly increases its efficiency and economic feasibility. Research results. The experimental research program included several stages and consisted of preliminary one-factor and full three-factor experiments. In the course of the combined tillage, the characteristic dependences of the indicators of soil clumpiness on the indicators of tillage depth, engine speed and load of the rolling roller were determined. Based on the data obtained, the mathematical dependence of the degree of soil crumbling on various factors was deduced. Conclusion. On the basis of the results of experimental tests, it can be concluded that the most effective operation of the slat-spiral roller is achieved with the following parameters of tillage: the depth of tillage is 18 cm (X1), the rotation speed of the roller rotor is 270 rpm (X2), the load of the rolling roller is 50 N (X3). With these parameters, the maximum degree of soil crumbling is observed, which indicates a high efficiency of the tillage process.
Effect of the biologizing background on soil mycobiota of winter wheat
UDC: 633.11: 631.87:631.427.4:631.466.1
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Mikhail I. Andreev; Olga G. Maryina-Chermnykh;
Introduction. Soil at all times is the main condition for the emergence, existence and irreplaceable source of human life. Soil mycobiota plays an important role in plant life and soil fertility, where its main nutrition is organic components. The introduction of organic substances into the soil contributes to the accumulation of humus, and the presence of microbiological organisms contributes to its decomposition. Taking an active part in soil processes during the cultivation of agricultural crops, soil microorganisms are modified, especially when applying various fertilizers. Organic substances introduced into the soil create various conditions for the formation of soil mycobiota and affect their abundance. Therefore, the microbiological processes that occur in the soil when applying a biologizing background play a huge role in the cultivation of winter grain crops. The purpose of the research is to reveal the influence of the biologizing background on the number of soil mycobiota of winter wheat in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in 2018‒2022 in the conditions of field experiment on sod-podzolic medium loamy soils in JSC Stud Farm “Shoibulaksky” on winter wheat crops. The task was to study the effect of the use of straw mulch, liquid pig manure and the microbiological preparation Biocomposite-correct on the number of soil mycobiota. In the experiment, the intensity of cellulose decomposition and the number of pathogenic fungi in the arable soil layer were determined. The results of the discussion. Over 60 days of winter wheat vegetation, the maximum cellulolytic activity of microorganisms (72.6‒73.5 %) was detected in the 0‒10 cm soil layer, where a biologizing background in the form of mulch, liquid pig manure and microbiological preparation was used, where the number of pathogenic fungi decreased to 19.6 and 17 %. Conclusion. Cultivation of winter wheat on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El showed that the biologizing background increases the number of cellulose-destroying microorganisms in the soil by 2 times, reducing the pathogenic complex by 2.8‒3.2 times.
Stress and immunosuppression: opportunities for pharmacorrection
UDC: 619:615.015
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Taras V. Gerunov; Lyudmila K. Gerunova; Yury N. Fedorov; Vladimir I. Gerunov; Eugene A. Chigrinski;
Introduction. Factory-farmed animals are constantly exposed to a variety of stress factors. Medical drugs, pesticide residues in feed, and other toxic agents entering the animal body play a special role in it. The combined effect of these factors is the most dangerous, since it is often accompanied by the immune system dysfunction. The purpose of the study is to reveal the mechanisms of immunosuppression under stress and the opportunities for pharmacological immunocorrection. Materials and methods. Data search was carried out in domestic and foreign databases ‒ eLibrary.ru, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. The integrative approach was used to assess the mechanisms of immunosuppression and the corrective role of vitamins, glutathione, melatonin, and trace elements. Research results and discussion. The immunotoxic effects of chemical stressors are different, but in most cases, they trigger oxidative stress. Hyperproduction of free radicals contributes to the intensification of lipid and protein peroxidation processes, which is accompanied by a violation of the effector functions of macrophages/neutrophils and a suppression of antibody production. Alpha-tocopherol is the first line of anti-lipid peroxidation defense. It plays an important role in selenium metabolism, which is part of glutathione peroxidase. Carotenoids are involved in the division of immunocompetent cells and the synthesis of immunoglobulins. Ascorbic acid is the synergist of beta-carotene. Melatonin, as an antioxidant, binds to the most toxic hydroxyl radicals, as well as peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen, and peroxyl radical. Trace elements (zinc, copper, and selenium) regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. They also participate in the work of innate and adaptive immunity. Conclusion. Immunosuppression developing under stress conditions increases the animal’s susceptibility to infectious diseases and causes severe infection. The presented data on the role of fat- and water-soluble vitamins, melatonin, and trace elements in the regulation of the immune response confirm the feasibility of their application in animal husbandry as means of pharmacorrection in cases of immunosuppression.
Physico-chemical assessment of quail meat when using succinic acid in the diet
UDC: 637.5.04
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Nadezhda A. Kislitsyna; Sergey Yu. Smolentsev; Elena V. Tsaregorodtseva;
Succinic acid and its derivatives have been attracting the attention of scientists for several decades. Succinic acid and its salts are widely used in medicine. Succinic acid has also found its application in agriculture. It helps to accelerate seed germination and increase plant resistance to adverse environmental factors and diseases. Materials and methods. On the basis of the peasant farm of Alimchuyeva Z. I. of the Republic of Mari El, 4 groups of quails were formed. The first group was a control group. Quails of the 1st experimental group were fed 20 mg of succinic acid per kg of weight, of the 2nd experimental group ‒ 25 mg per kg and of the 3d experimental group ‒ 30 mg per kg, respectively. On the 50th day, all the birds of the control and experimental groups were slaughtered. 5 carcasses of each group were subjected to a physico-chemical assessment. Research results, discussion. In the control sample, the water-binding capacity of meat was 69.23 %. However, in the first experimental sample it decreased by 1.14 % and amounted to 68.44 %. In the second experimental sample the water-binding capacity was even lower ‒ 65.61 %, which is 5.23 % less than the reference value. There was an increase in protein levels in meat. In the first experimental group, the protein level increased by 1.99 %, in the second group ‒ by 5.11 %, and in the third group ‒ by 4.52 % compared to the control group. The results of bacterioscopic smears-prints showed no traces of muscle tissue decomposition in quail meat. The number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in all samples was within normal limits. Conclusion. Based on the data obtained and the results of the physico-chemical assessment of quail meat, it can be concluded that the use of succinic acid does not have a negative effect on the properties of meat. Moreover, the quail meat of the experimental groups exceeds the control in physico-chemical parameters.
Veterinary and sanitary assessment of the quality of turkey meat
UDC: 619:616-07:616.4
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Sergey Yu. Smolentsev; Andrey P. Gerasimov;
Introduction. Today, the most dynamically developing branch of animal husbandry is poultry farming, which makes a great contribution to the country’s food supply. In poultry farming, approximately 95 % comes from chicken meat, 3 % from turkey meat and 2 % from other poultry meat. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the quality of turkey meat grown in domestic and industrial conditions. Materials and methods. For the research work, samples of broiler turkey meat were selected, which belonged to the BUT-9 type, grown in a farm and industrial enterprise. The research material was white and red meat, which was previously cooled for 12 hours at a temperature of +2 +4 degrees. Organoleptic, physico-chemical and bacteriological studies were carried out. The chemical composition of meat and the energy characteristics of meat material were studied. Compliance of the obtained data with the requirements for its quality was carried out. Results and discussion. White and red meat that has been selected from home-raised broiler turkeys is less sustainable than meat obtained from factory-raised turkeys. In particular, the resistance of poultry kept at home was less than that of birds kept commercially, according to several indicators at once, among which are: pH; indicator of aminoammonia nitrogen concentration; amount of protein in meat material. Conclusion. According to the results of the study, the following was established. Meat productivity was higher in turkeys raised on the farm. The carcasses weight of farm turkeys was 7.5 % higher compared to turkeys grown at the poultry farming enterprise. The meat-to-bone ratio of farmed females was 0.7 % higher compared to females grown at the enterprise.
Evaluation of lipid profile in modeling of T-2, afla- and zearalenontoxicosis in white rats against the background of preventive complexes
UDC: 619:615.9:616.36
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Evgeniya Y. Tarasova; Lilia E. Matrosova; Svetlana A. Tanaseva; Olga K. Ermolaeva;
Introduction. Mycotoxins have a negative effect on animals, affecting vital organs, causing disorders of lipid and protein metabolism. Mycotoxins often occur in combination, having a synergistic or additive effect on animals. However, the pathogenesis of combined effects has not been sufficiently studied. An effective way to prevent mycotoxicoses is to use preparations of complex action having in their composition substances with pathogenetic and symptomatic effects. The aim was to study the changes in lipid and protein profile parameters in white rats at T-2, afla- and zearalenontoxicosis and evaluate the efficiency of combined prophylactic agents. Materials and methods. White rats were divided into 8 groups: 1 ‒ biological control; 2 ‒ toxic control (T-2 toxin + zearalenone + aflatoxin B1); 3 ‒ toxic control + preventive complex No. 1 (PC 1: β-glucans, milk thistle meal, vitamin E, ascorbic acid, levamisole); 4 ‒ toxic control + preventive complex No. 2 (PC 2: bentonite, succinic acid, methyluracil, vitamin A, probiotic preparation “Florin”); 5 ‒ toxic control + preventive complex No. 3 (PC 3: halloysite, methionine, β-glucans, milk thistle meal); 6 ‒ biological control + PC 1; 7 ‒ biological control + PC 2; 8 ‒ biological control + PC 3. Research results. The efficacy of the proposed prophylactic complexes in experimental T-2, afla- and zearalenontoxicosis in white rats was revealed, with a group priority using the third formulation based on the natural mineral halloysite. The application of prophylactic complexes at a dose of 0.25 % of the diet had a normalizing effect on lipid metabolism.
Radiometric assessment of agricultural products in selected agricultural enterprises of the Kaluga region
UDC: 619:616-001.28/.29
Section: AGRICULTURE
Authors: Ilnar R. Yunusov; Kamil T. Ishmukhametov; Gulnaz I. Rakhmatullina;
Introduction. Based on the results of an assessment of the available literature data and our own research on the radiation situation in the Kaluga region in the post-accident period, reference points were selected for conducting a radiation-hygienic examination of veterinary surveillance facilities. Materials and methods. Two agricultural enterprises were selected, one of which is located in the zone of the Chernobyl emergency release and the second in the zone of possible influence of two enterprises of the first category of potential radiation hazard. In selected agricultural enterprises, the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation was studied and individual samples of crop products and soil were selected for radiometric studies. Research results. It has been established that the ambient dose equivalent rate of external gamma radiation in the Borovskoy district is 0.09‒0.11 μSv/h, in the Zhizdrinsky district ‒ 0.09‒0.12 μSv/h. The average content of cesium-137 in soil samples from the Borovskoy district is 24.4±1.09 Bq/kg, from the Zhizdrinsky district ‒ 54.7±4.21 Bq/kg. Of the studied samples of roughage from the Zhizdrinsky region, the highest content of radionuclides was recorded in alfalfa hay ‒ cesium-137 ‒ 4.2 Bq/kg and strontium-90 ‒ 2.9 Bq/kg, on average for samples 3.4 Bq/kg and 2.6 Bq/kg, respectively, at KU-94 for roughage and succulent feed 600 Bq/kg (137Cs) and 100 Bq/kg (90Sr). The specific activity of succulent feed was on average 1.5 times higher than that of roughage and was 6.0 Bq/kg for cesium-137 and 3.5 Bq/kg for strontium-90. The content of cesium and strontium in the concentrates was 2.5 and 1.5 Bq/kg at KU-94 for concentrates of 600 Bq/kg (137Cs) and 65 Bq/kg (90Sr). The average content of radionuclides in roughage from the Borovskoy region was 2.3 Bq/kg ‒ radiocesium and 1.3 Bq/kg - strontium-90, in succulent feed, 3.0 and 1.6 Bq/kg, respectively, in concentrates - 1.5 and 1.2 Bq/kg. Conclusion. All samples complied with established standards and therefore could be used without restrictions.
Investment contour of forest complex economic security
UDC: 338.2
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Tatyana G. Kolesnikova; Nikolay A. Petrunin; Lyudmila V. Smolennikova;
Introduction. An important condition for the successful implementation of the Russian Federation strategic development goal ‒ an increase in the population life quality based on sustainable economic growth ‒ is an increase in investment activity, which forms the basis of the post-industrial technological structure. The difficulties of adapting forestry and the forest industry to market conditions, challenges of economic development current stage have actualized the issues of detecting increasing investment activity factors in the forest complex, determining its investment security. Purpose. The purpose of the research is to identify destructive factors that generate threats and risks to the forest complex sustainable development and forming activating investment processes mechanisms as a condition for achieving investment security. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of research is systems approach provisions. The research is based on the principles of objectivity, coherence, synergy. The object of research is investment processes in the forest complex, the subject of research is the factors and mechanisms for increasing forest complex economic agents investment activity. When conducting the research, the method of qualitative and quantitative content analysis, abstract-logical, monographic, comparative methods were used. Research results, discussion. The article summarizes and systematizes, in relation to the forest complex, the diverse theoretical, methodological and applied research conducted within the problems of investment security framework as a typological type of economic security. The features of development and investment activity in various areas of the forest complex are analyzed, which allowed us to form key investment directions and components of the mechanism for activating investment processes in the forest complex to ensure its investment security. Particular attention is paid to the role of the state in addressing issues of financing investments and investor support. Conclusion. The proposed mechanisms and tools for increasing investment activity in the forest complex are aimed at achieving its sustainable development while preserving the potential of forests, which corresponds to the goals of the federal project “Forest Conservation” of the national project “Ecology” and the Strategy for the Development of the Forest Complex of The Russian Federation.
Lean supply chain management: analysis of accumulated experience
UDC: 338.001.36
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Rodion S. Rogulin; Rodion S. Rogulin; Natalia P. Belozertseva;
Introduction. Lean supply chain management is a strategic approach to managing the flow of goods and services from suppliers to customers, based on the philosophy of continuous improvement and elimination of losses. The purpose of this work is to study the current state of research in the field of lean supply chain management, identify key concepts and practices, analyze the effectiveness of implementing such tools and methods as the Value Stream Mapping System, the Kanban System, the Kaizen System, the Six Sigma Concept (Lean Six Sigma), Quality Management (Production Total Quality Management). Materials and methods. The article presents the principles of lean supply chain management, as well as examples of successful implementation of basic tools in various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, retail and logistics. The features of using various methods of eliminating losses in supply chains have been studied. For example, Just in time production is based on the use of Kanban, SMED, TPM, Heijunka and Pokayoke systems. The key tools of the Kaizen System are the “Plan-Do-Check-Act” (PDCA) cycle, root cause analysis, visual management. Lean Six Sigma’s lean component focuses on identifying and eliminating losses in processes that are produced using tools such as process mapping, statistical process control, root cause analysis, and experiment planning. Results. In the course of the research, a review of the literature on the principles, tools and methods of lean supply chain management was conducted, a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of the current state of research in the field of lean supply chain management was provided, as well as information for future research and practice in this area.
Multivariate statistical analysis of the activities of cultural institutions of the Russian Federation
UDC: 332.05
Section: ECONOMICS
Authors: Tatyana V. Sarycheva; Yuliya V. Faskhudinova ;
Introduction. The state of the cultural sphere is an important indicator of the development of society and largely depends on the level of funding. In recent years, priorities in financial support of the sector at the federal level have changed ‒ more attention has been paid to supporting regions in modernizing and equipping cultural institutions in small towns and villages. It is impossible to solve all the material and technical problems of cultural institutions using their own funds alone or, conversely, budget funds. The need to resolve the contradiction between the social purpose of cultural institutions and the need to find ways to self-finance their activities determine the relevance of work in this area. Methods and materials. The purpose of the work was to study the influence of socio-economic factors on the development of museums, as well as to study the convergence and divergence of regions of the Russian Federation according to indicators characterizing the results of the functioning of museums in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Multivariate statistical methods of correlation-regression and cluster analysis, as well as graphical methods of data presentation were used as research tools. Conclusion. Museum attendance is influenced by indicators of social and economic development of subjects and museums, which can be generalized into groups: the scale of museum activities and renewal, the state and resources of the museum, revenues, expenses, accessibility, human capital and public expenses. The strongest influence on museum attendance, according to the obtained regression equation, is the number of visits by visitors of preferential categories, the number of excursions, the number of public events of museums and the amount of financial resources spent per year to replenish the museum’s fund.